Search Results Within Category "Heart and Vascular"
The Role of Sirolimus in Preventing Functional Decline in Older Adults
Aging is associated with progressive impairment of tissue and organ function, resulting in increased susceptibility to chronic disease, frailty and disability. Currently there are limited treatment options to alter this inevitable process. The proposed work has the potential to identify a new therapeutic intervention to decrease aging-related degenerative processes. Rapamycin or sirolimus is a macrocyclic immunosuppressive drug that inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is part of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent pathway which is a fundamentally linked to cell metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This pathway is altered in a variety of diseases, including cancers, immunosuppressed states, and fibroproliferative diseases. The mTOR kinase is considered one of the leading regulators of this pathway. Changes in mTOR signaling are closely associated with inflammation, cell growth and survival, leading to the development of chronic diseases. Recent evidence also suggests that mTOR inhibitors are promising modulators of the aging process by slowing the mechanisms of aging at the cellular level. There is a growing appreciation of the potential impact of sirolimus in slowing aging processes and in prolonging healthy lifespan. The proposed study addresses critical gaps in our understanding of the safety and efficacy of sirolimus in delaying aging processes and is based on findings in animal studies and incidental clinical observations. The investigators will overcome potential biases with a randomized control trial. The proposed intervention study is intended to improve our insight into clinical outcomes leading to prevention of chronic diseases such as skin cancer and mortality. Our overarching hypothesis is that sirolimus is one of the first pharmacological agents that will impact the aging process and chronic disease development. Specifically, the investigators aim to investigate whether sirolimus can reduce the occurrence or increase in biomarkers of aging processes.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, Uma.Gude@UTSouthwestern.edu
Preventing Cognitive Decline by Reducing BP Target Trial (PCOT)
The PCOT study is a multi-site randomized trial of patients 70 years or older with high BP. The main goal of the study Preventing Cognitive Decline by Reducing BP Target Trial (PCOT) is to conduct a large pragmatic clinical trial (PCT) to test the hypothesis that patients who receive care with a combination of clinical decision support (CDS) and team-based care delivered in primary care practices will have better blood pressure control and a lower incidence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia than patients receiving usual medical care. Patients will be recruited from UT Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health \& Hospital System.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, venkatraghavan.sundaram@phhs.org
PROGRESS: Management of Moderate Aortic Stenosis by Clinical Surveillance or TAVR (PROGRESS)
This study objective is to establish the safety and effectiveness of the Edwards SAPIEN 3 / SAPIEN 3 Ultra / SAPIEN 3 Ultra RESILIA Transcatheter Heart Valve systems in subjects with moderate, calcific aortic stenosis. Following completion of enrollment, subjects will be eligible for enrollment in the continued access phase of the trial.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, Ruth.Ikpefan@UTSouthwestern.edu
• 65 years of age or older at time of randomization
• Moderate aortic stenosis
• Subject has symptoms or evidence of cardiac damage/dysfunction
• The subject or subject's legal representative has been informed of the nature of the study, agrees to its provisions, and has provided written informed consent. Key
• Native aortic annulus size unsuitable for the THV
• Anatomical characteristics that would preclude safe transfemoral placement of the introducer sheath or safe passage of the delivery system
• Aortic valve is unicuspid or non-calcified
• Bicuspid aortic valve with an aneurysmal ascending aorta \> 4.5 cm or severe raphe/leaflet calcification
• Pre-existing mechanical or bioprosthetic aortic valve
• Severe aortic regurgitation
• Prior balloon aortic valvuloplasty to treat severe AS
• LVEF \< 20%
• Left ventricular outflow tract calcification that would increase the risk of annular rupture or significant paravalvular leak post-TAVR
• Cardiac imaging evidence of intracardiac mass, thrombus, or vegetation
• Coronary or aortic valve anatomy that increases the risk of coronary artery obstruction post-TAVR
Zenith® Fenestrated+ Clinical Study
The Zenith® Fenestrated+ Endovascular Graft Clinical Study will assess the safety and effectiveness of the Zenith® Fenestrated+ Endovascular Graft (ZFEN+) in combination with the BeGraft Balloon-Expandable FEVAR Bridging Stent Graft System (BeGraft) and Unibody2 for the treatment of patients with aortic aneurysms involving one or more of the major visceral arteries. Up to 60 additional subjects may be enrolled in Continued Access phase of the study
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, Marilisa.SotoGonzalez@UTSouthwestern.edu
• Thoracoabdominal, pararenal or juxtarenal aortic aneurysm with a diameter ≥ 55 mm for males and ≥ 50 mm for females
• Thoracoabdominal, pararenal or juxtarenal aortic aneurysm with a growth rate of ≥ 5 mm in 6 months
• Thoracoabdominal, pararenal or juxtarenal aortic aneurysm with aortic diameter \> 2x the normal aortic diameter or saccular aneurysm that warrants treatment in the opinion of the investigator
• Age \< 18 years
• Life expectancy \< 2 years
• Pregnant, breast-feeding, or planning to become pregnant within 60 months
• Inability or refusal to give informed consent by the patient or legally authorized representative
• Unwilling or unable to comply with the follow-up schedule, required clinical assessments, and imaging
• Simultaneous participation in another investigation study, unless the patient is at least 30 days beyond the primary endpoint of any previous study
Low Dose ColchicinE in pAtients With Peripheral Artery DiseasE to Address Residual Vascular Risk (LEADER-PAD)
The Low dose ColchicinE in pAtients with peripheral Artery DiseasE to address residual vascular Risk (LEADER-PAD) trial will evaluate if anti-inflammatory therapy with colchicine will reduce vascular events in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, Chelsea.Wynn@UTSouthwestern.edu
• Age \> 18 years
• Symptomatic atherosclerotic LE PAD fulfilling at least one of the following: a. Intermittent claudication with ankle/arm blood pressure ratio\* (ABI ≤ 0.90) or artery stenosis ≥ 50% plus one of i. \>1 vascular bed affected by atherosclerosis ii. Diabetes iii. Heart failure iv. Chronic kidney disease (eGFR \< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) b. Rest pain (mostly in foot) OR necrosis of limb OR gangrene of limb (corresponding to either Fontaine stages 3 or 4 OR Rutherford Classification categories 4 to 6). All must have an ankle/arm blood pressure ratio\* (ABI ≤ 0.90) OR artery stenosis ≥ 50%. \* In cases of incompressible ankle arteries, the presence of toe pressure ≤ 60 mm Hg or toe-brachial index ≤ 0.70 is acceptable c. Revascularization defined as limb bypass surgery or endovascular revascularization procedures (irrespective of the specific device used), including percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stent of iliac or infra-inguinal arteries or extra-anatomical bypass surgery d. Leg or foot amputation for arterial vascular indications
• Written or verbal informed consent from the patient
• Contraindication to colchicine
• Long term requirement for colchicine for another clinical indication
• Active diarrhoea
• eGFR \< 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
• Cirrhosis or severe chronic liver disease
• Woman who is pregnant, or breast-feeding or of child-bearing potential not protected by reliable contraception or is planning conception during the study
• Current or planned long term use of cyclosporine, verapamil, HIV protease inhibitors, azole antifungals, or macrolide antibiotics (with the exception of azithromycin)
• Patients who are deemed unlikely to return for follow-up
• Patients with life expectancy \< 1 year
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (POPS or POP02)
The study investigators are interested in learning more about how drugs, that are given to children by their health care provider, act in the bodies of children and young adults in hopes to find the most safe and effective dose for children. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the PK of understudied drugs currently being administered to children per SOC as prescribed by their treating provider.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, Aruna.Ayalasomayajula@UTSouthwestern.edu
• Participant is \< 21 years of age
• Parent/ Legal Guardian/ Adult Participant can understand the consent process and is willing to provide informed consent/HIPAA:
• (a) Participant is receiving one or more of the study drugs of interest at the time of enrollment or (b) Participant is NOT receiving one or more of the study drugs of interest but is SARS-COV-2 positive within 60 days prior to enrollment
• Participant has a known pregnancy Below exclusion criteria apply only to: Participants receiving one or more of the study drugs of interest at the time of enrollment, DOI administration or PK sampling: (Refer to DOI specific appendices for details on enrollment cohort specifications and additional eligibility criteria)
• Has had intermittent dialysis within previous 24 hours
• Has had a kidney transplant within previous 30 days
• Has had a liver transplant within previous 1 year
• Has had a stem cell transplant within previous 1 year
• Has had therapeutic hypothermia within previous 24 hours
• Has had plasmapheresis within the previous 24 hours
• Has a Ventricular Assist Device
• Has any condition which would make the participant, in the opinion of the investigator, unsuitable for the study
Pragmatic Evaluation of Events And Benefits of Lipid-lowering in Older Adults (PREVENTABLE)
PREVENTABLE is a multi-center, randomized, parallel group, placebo-controlled superiority study. Participants will be randomized 1:1 to atorvastatin 40 mg or placebo. This large study conducted in community-dwelling older adults without cardiovascular disease (CVD) or dementia will demonstrate the benefit of statins for reducing the primary composite of death, dementia, and persistent disability and secondary composites including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and cardiovascular events.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, Gentina.Thompson@UTSouthwestern.edu
COMPASSION S3 - Evaluation of the SAPIEN 3 Transcatheter Heart Valve in Patients With Pulmonary Valve Dysfunction
This study will demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the Edwards Lifesciences SAPIEN 3/SAPIEN 3 Ultra RESILIA Transcatheter Heart Valve (THV) Systems in subjects with a dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) conduit or previously implanted valve in the pulmonic position with a clinical indication for intervention.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, wendy.rojas@childrens.com
• Weight ≥ 20 kg (44 lbs.)
• Dysfunctional RVOT conduit or previously implanted valve in the pulmonic position with a clinical indication for intervention and with a landing zone diameter ≥ 16.5 mm and ≤ 29 mm immediately prior to study device insertion as per the Instructions for Use
• Subject presents with at least moderate PR and/or mean RVOT gradient ≥ 35 mmHg.
• The subject/subject's legally authorized representative has been informed of the nature of the study, agrees to its provisions and has provided written informed consent.
• Active infection requiring current antibiotic therapy (if temporary illness, subject may be a candidate 2 weeks after discontinuation of antibiotics)
• History of or active endocarditis (active treatment with antibiotics) within the past 180 days
• Leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia or any known blood clotting disorder
• Inappropriate anatomy for femoral introduction and delivery of the study valve
• Need for concomitant atrial septal defect or ventricular septal defect closure or other concomitant interventional procedures other than pulmonary artery or branch pulmonary artery stenting or angioplasty
• Angiographic evidence of coronary artery compression that would result from transcatheter pulmonic valve implantation (TPVI)
• Interventional/surgical procedures within 30 days prior to the TPVI procedure.
• Any planned surgical, percutaneous coronary or peripheral procedure to be performed within the 30 day follow-up from the TPVI procedure.
• History of or current intravenous drug use
• Major or progressive non-cardiac disease resulting in a life expectancy of less than one year
• Known hypersensitivity to aspirin or heparin and cannot be treated with other antiplatelet and/or antithrombotic medications
• Known hypersensitivity to cobalt-chromium, nickel or contrast media that cannot be adequately premedicated
• Participating in another investigational drug or device study that has not reached its primary endpoint.
• Female who is lactating or pregnant
Study to Determine the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Phenylephrine on BP Via IV
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the dose effect of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Injection on the treatment of clinically relevant decreased blood pressure in the pediatric population, ≥12 to 16 year old patients undergoing general and neuraxial anesthesia. The secondary objectives are to describe changes in blood pressure and heart rate, time to onset and to maximal response, and the duration of response; to assess the safety of the product in this population; and to characterize the pharmacokinetics of phenylephrine hydrochloride.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, Kiley.Poppino@UTSouthwestern.edu
• Subject's age is between ≥12 and 16 years, inclusive
• Subject is scheduled for a procedure that requires general or neuraxial anesthesia
• Subjects must have normal or clinically acceptable physical exam
• Subjects with controlled diabetes prior to entry must have a mean systolic/diastolic office blood pressure ≤128/78 mmHg (sitting, after 5 minutes of rest)
• Females must have a urine or serum pregnancy test (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) that is negative at Screening and Day 1
• Subject's parent or legal guardian gives informed consent and subject gives assent.
• Subject has a contraindication to vasoconstrictor therapy for control of blood pressure
• Subject has participated in other clinical trials for investigational drugs and/or devices within 30 days prior to enrollment
• Subject has any serious medical condition which, in the opinion of the investigator, is likely to interfere with study procedures
• Subjects who have a history of any clinically significant local or systemic infectious disease within four weeks prior to initial treatment administration
• Subjects who are positive for hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis C antibody
• Subjects taking antihypertensive medication
• Subject is moribund (death is likely to occur in less than 48 hours)
• Females who are pregnant, nursing or unwilling to use/practice adequate contraception.
Multicenter Trial of Congenital Pulmonic Valve Dysfunction Studying the SAPIEN 3 THV With the Alterra Adaptive Prestent (ALTERRA)
To demonstrate the safety and functionality of the Edwards Alterra Adaptive Prestent in conjunction with the Edwards SAPIEN 3 Transcatheter Heart Valve (THV) System in patients with a dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tract/pulmonary valve (RVOT/PV) who are indicated for treatment of pulmonary regurgitation (PR).
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, Kirstie.LeDoux@UTSouthwestern.edu
• The patient/patient's legally authorized representative has been informed of the nature of the study, agrees to its provisions and has provided written informed consent.
• Pediatric or adult patent whose weight is ≥ 20 kg (44 lbs).
• The patient has a dysfunctional RVOT/PV.
• RVOT/PV proximal and distal landing zone diameter ≥ 27 mm and ≤ 38 mm and/or minimum of 35 mm from contractile tissue to lowest pulmonary artery takeoff immediately prior to Alterra Prestent insertion.
• Active infection requiring current antibiotic therapy (if temporary illness, patient may be a candidate 2 weeks after discontinuation of antibiotics).
• History of or active endocarditis (active treatment with antibiotics) within the past 180 days.
• Leukopenia (WBC < 2000 cells/μL), anemia (Hgb < 7 g/dL), thrombocytopenia (platelets < 50,000 cells/μL) or any known blood clotting disorder.
• Inappropriate anatomy for introduction and delivery of the Alterra Adaptive Prestent or the SAPIEN 3 THV.
Tacrolimus/Everolimus vs. Tacrolimus/MMF in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients Using the MATE Score (TEAMMATE)
The TEAMMATE Trial will enroll 210 pediatric heart transplant patients from 25 centers at 6 months post-transplant and follow each patient for 2.5 years. Half of the participants will receive everolimus and low-dose tacrolimus and the other half will receive tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. The trial will determine which treatment is better at reducing the cumulative risk of coronary artery vasculopathy, chronic kidney disease and biopsy proven-acute cellular rejection without an increase in graft loss due to all causes (e.g. infection, PTLD, antibody mediated rejection).
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, kara.lorduy@childrens.com
• Orthotopic heart transplantation
• Age < 21 years at time of transplant
• Stable immunosuppression at the time of randomization with no contraindication to everolimus, tacrolimus, or mycophenolate mofetil
• Planned follow-up at a study site for the 30 month duration of the study.
• Subject or legal adult representative capable of providing informed consent (in general, assent will be sought for children aged 12 years or older).
• Multi-organ transplant (e.g. heart-lung or heart-liver).
• Known hypersensitivity to everolimus, sirolimus, tacrolimus or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), or to components of the drug products.
• Patients on maintenance corticosteroid therapy exceeding a dose equivalent of prednisone 0.1 mg/kg/day at randomization.
• High-risk for rejection defined as active rejection, recurrent (≥ 2 episodes of grade 2R rejection) cellular rejection, recurrent rejection (≥ 2 episodes of any grade) with hemodynamic compromise, steroid-resistant rejection or unresolved antibody-mediated rejection during the first 6 months post-heart transplant
• Graft dysfunction (LVEF <40% or wedge pressure >22 mmHg or cardiac index <2.2 L/min/m2)
• Stage 4 or 5 CKD (eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2) or moderate proteinuria (urine protein to urine creatinine ratio >0.5 mg/mg).
• Active infection requiring hospitalization or treatment dose medical therapy.
• Patients with ongoing wound healing problems, clinically significant wound infection requiring continued therapy or other severe surgical complication in the opinion of the Site Principal Investigator.
• Fasting Serum Cholesterol ≥300 mg/dL OR greater than or equal to 7.75 mmol/L, AND fasting triglycerides ≥2.5x the upper limit of normal (ULN). Note: In case one or both of these thresholds are exceeded, the patient can only be included after initiation of appropriate lipid lowering medication, and reduction of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels to below exclusion ranges is confirmed.
• Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
• Diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) during the first 6 months post-heart transplant.
• History of non-adherence to medical regimens.
• Patients who are treated with drugs that are strong inducers or inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and cannot discontinue the treatment
• Patients who are pregnant or breast-feeding or intend to get pregnant during the study period.
Mechanisms of Exercise Intolerance in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
The global objective of this study is to determine the mechanisms of exercise intolerance and dyspnea on exertion (DOE) in patients with HFpEF and based on this pathophysiology, test whether specific exercise training programs (whole body vs single leg) will result in improved exercise tolerance.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, mitchelsamels@texashealth.org
• signs and symptoms of heart failure
• an ejection fraction > 0.50
• objective evidence of diastolic dysfunction
• age < 60 years
• BMI > 50 kg/m2
• PDE5 inhibitor use
• Severe valvular disease
• Severe COPD
• CKD 4 or higher
• Contra-indication to MRI.
COMPASSION S3 Post-Approval Study
This study will monitor device performance and outcomes of the SAPIEN 3 Transcatheter Heart Valve (THV) System in subjects with a dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) conduit or previously implanted surgical valve in the pulmonic position with a clinical indication for intervention.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, Kirstie.LeDoux@UTSouthwestern.edu
• Dysfunctional RVOT conduit or previously implanted surgical valve
• RVOT/PV with ≥ moderate regurgitation and/or a mean RVOT/PV gradient of ≥ 35 mmHg
• Inability to tolerate an anticoagulation/antiplatelet regimen
• Active bacterial endocarditis or other active infections
A Study of ISIS 678354 Administered to Participants With Severe Hypertriglyceridemia
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of ISIS 678354 as compared to placebo on the percent change in fasting triglycerides (TG) from baseline.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, Lakeisha.Cade@UTSouthwestern.edu
• Fasting TG ≥ 500 mg/dL (5.65 mmol/L) at Screening and Qualification
• Patients should be on standard of care lipid-lowering medications per local guidelines unless intolerant. Lipid-lowering medications should be optimized and stabilized for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening to minimize changes in these medications during the study. Key
• Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 9.5% at Screening
• Platelet count < 100K/cubic millimeters at Screening or Qualification
• Alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase > 3.0 × upper limit of normal
• Total bilirubin > upper limit of normal unless due to Gilbert's syndrome
• Estimated GFR < 40 mL/min/1.73 m^2
Physical Rehabilitation for Older Patients With Acute Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (REHAB-HFpEF)
The REHAB-HFpEF trial will determine whether a novel physical rehabilitation intervention will improve the primary outcome of combined all-cause rehospitalizations and mortality and the secondary outcome of major mobility disability during 6-month follow-up in patients hospitalized for heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which is nearly unique to older persons, and for which there are few treatment options.
Call 214-648-5005
studyfinder@utsouthwestern.edu, Pedro.Rosario-Favela@UTSouthwestern.edu
• Age >=60 years old
• Ejection Fraction >=45%
• In the hospital setting >24 hours for the management of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), or diagnosed with ADHF after being hospitalized for another reason. ADHF will be confirmed by the site physician, and will be defined according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definition of hospitalized heart failure as a combination of symptoms, signs, and HF-specific medical treatments, and requires that all 4 of the following are met:
• At least 1 symptom of HF which has worsened from baseline: a. dyspnea at rest or with exertion; b. exertional fatigue; c. orthopnea; d. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
• At least 2 of the following signs of HF: a. Pulmonary congestion or edema on physical exam (rales or crackles) or by chest X-ray; b. Elevated jugular venous pressure or central venous pressure >=10 mm Hg; c. peripheral edema; d. wedge or left ventricular end diastolic pressure >=15 mmHg; e. rapid weight gain (>=5 lbs.); f. Increased b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (>=100 pg/ml) or N-terminal prohormone BNP (>=220pg/ml)
• Change in medical treatment specifically targeting HF, defined as change in dose or initiation of or augmentation of at least 1 of the following therapies: a. diuretics; b. vasodilators; c. other neurohormonal modulating agents, including angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (with or without neprilysin inhibitor), beta-blockers, aldosterone inhibitors, direct renin inhibitors, or sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors
• The primary cause of symptoms and signs is judged by the investigator to be due to HF
• Adequate clinical stability to allow participation in study assessments and the intervention Independent with basic activities of daily living, including the ability to ambulate independently (with or without the use of an assistive device) prior to admission
• Able to walk 4 meters (with or without the use of an assistive device) at the time of enrollment
• Acute myocardial infarction within the past 3 months, or planned coronary artery intervention (percutaneous or surgical) within the next 6 months (Note: given that cardiac biomarkers such as troponin are frequently elevated in HF patients, the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction should be based on clinical diagnosis, not biomarkers alone)
• Severe aortic or mitral valve stenosis
• Severe valvular heart disease with planned intervention within next 6 months
• Known pericardial constriction, genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or infiltrative cardiomyopathy including amyloid heart disease (amyloidosis)
• Planned discharge other than to home or a facility where the participant will live independently
• Terminal illness other than HF with life expectancy <1 year
• Impairment from stroke or other medical disorders that preclude participation in the intervention
• Known dementia by medical record documentation, OR patients with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) <=18 AND without social support, OR MoCA <10 regardless of social support
• Advanced chronic kidney disease defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <20 mL/min/1.73 m2 or on chronic or intermittent dialysis or dialysis anticipated within the next 6 months
• Already engaging in regular moderate to vigorous exercise conditioning defined as >30 minutes per day, >= twice per week consistently during the previous 6 weeks
• Enrollment in a clinical trial not approved for co-enrollment
• High risk for non-adherence as determined by screening evaluation
• Inability or unwillingness to comply with the study requirements or give consent