• Cases with diagnosis of coronal
• Unaffected relatives of cases
• Unaffected controls including those who may have undergone clinically indicated craniofacial surgery for trauma or conditions other than craniosynostosis or bone disease. These individuals will be recruited at some of the other collaborating institutions, but not at Mount Sinai. Individuals of any racial or ethnic group with the established or suspected clinical diagnosis of coronal, nonsyndromic craniosynostosis will be included in this study. Unaffected relatives, such as their biological parents and/or sibs, will also be included to contribute medical information and samples as negative controls for our study.
• Those who fit the criteria, but who choose not to participate
• Those who do not meet the criteria.
• Other than children, no vulnerable individuals will be recruited, such as intellectual impaired individuals or prisoners.

• Individuals 1 to 45 years old who have an immediate family member with type 1 diabetes (such as a child, parent, or sibling)
• Individuals 1-20 years old who have an extended family member with type 1 diabetes (such as a cousin, niece, nephew, aunt, uncle, grandparent, or half-sibling) To be eligible a person must not:
• Have diabetes already
• Have a previous history of being treated with insulin or oral diabetes medications.
• Currently be using systemic immunosuppressive agents (topical and inhaled agents are acceptable)
• Have any known serious diseases

Inclusion criteria of Cohort 1- Newborn:
• Subjects aged 1-2 days
• Subjects with gestational age 37-42 weeks
• Subjects with stable clinical status (admitted to normal newborn nursery) Inclusion criteria of Cohort 2
•Older children: • Subjects aged 0-18 years Inclusion criteria of Cohort 3
•Diseased children: Subjects (no age limit) with ANY phenotype as below:
• Confirmed metabolic or genetic diseases
• Suspected metabolic or genetic diseases
• Episodic metabolic decompensation (e.g. hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, metabolic acidosis)
• Developmental regression
• Major congenital malformation
• Other unexplained symptoms of potential genetic origin Exclusion criteria of Cohort 1
•Newborn:
• Subjects with gestational age <37 weeks or >42 weeks
• Subjects with overt signs of metabolic dysfunction, distress or genetic diseases including hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, sepsis/shock, hypoxemia, or major congenital malformation
• Subjects with mothers whose pregnancies were complicated by gestational diabetes, gestational hyperglycemia, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or any other major disorders. Exclusion criteria of Cohort 2
•Older children:
• Subjects with confirmed metabolic or genetic diseases
• Subjects with suspected metabolic or genetic diseases
• Subjects with episodic metabolic decompensation (e.g. hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, metabolic acidosis)
• Subjects with developmental regression
• Subjects with major congenital malformation Exclusion criteria of Cohort 3
•Diseased children No.

• Signed informed consent by study participant or parent(s) or legally authorized representative (LAR) and signed informed assent by the study participant (when applicable)
• Aged 2.5 to 10 years (inclusive) at study entry
• Diagnosis of ACH
• Ambulatory and able to stand without assistance
• Study participants and parent(s) or LAR(s) are willing and able to comply with study visits and study procedures
• Have hypochondroplasia or short stature condition other than ACH (e.g trisomy 21, pseudoachondroplasia, psychosocial short stature)
• In females, having had their menarche
• Height < -2 or > +2 standard deviations for age and sex based on reference tables on growth in children with ACH
• Annualized height growth velocity ≤1.5 cm/year over a period ≥6 months prior to screening
• Have a concurrent disease or condition that in the view of the Investigator and/or Sponsor, may impact growth or where the treatment is known to impact growth.
• Significant abnormality in screening laboratory results.
• Have been treated with growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), or anabolic steroids in the previous 6 months or long-term treatment (>3 months) at any time
• Have received a C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) analog or treatment targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibition at any time
• Have had regular long-term treatment (>1 month) with oral corticosteroids (low-dose ongoing inhaled steroid for asthma is acceptable)
• Have used any other investigational product or investigational medical device for the treatment of ACH or short stature
• Have had previous limb-lengthening surgery

1. Adolescents and adults with previously documented diagnosis of Glut1 Deficiency with diagnosis genetically confirmed or confirmed by PET scan of the brain. 2. Ages 16 to 65 3. Persons with dental fillings, dental crowns, and short (max.4 cm) dental retainer wires can be included. 1. People or patients with uncontrolled seizure disorder, defined as grand mal (not absence) seizure in the preceding 3 months. 2. Pregnant females will be excluded. A serum or urine pregnancy test will be administered to all females of child bearing potential within 24 hours of administration of the tracer and MRI scan. The pregnancy test will be communicated in person by the study PI. Positive results in subjects 17 years old or younger will be disclosed to parent/guardian only. 3. Subjects with typical implanted orthopedic metal in bone may be considered for inclusion in a 7T scan providing the implant is not within the volume of the radio frequency coil. The PI and the AIRC Medical Director will discuss each case and determine eligibility. 4. Persons with ICD, pacemakers, neurostimulators and other such devices will be excluded. 5. Persons with claustrophobia are excluded. 6. Persons with questionable ferrous implants, bullets, BB's, and shrapnel will be excluded. 7. Subjects who are not fluent in English will be excluded because immediate cooperation and the ability to respond to instructions from the investigators are necessary.

• Part A:
• Less than 5 years of age at the first study visit.
• Documentation of a CF diagnosis. Part B:
• Participated in Part A OR less than 6 years of age at the first study visit.
• Documentation of a CF diagnosis.
• CFTR mutations consistent with FDA labeled indication of highly effective modulator therapy (ivacaftor or elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor).
• Physician intent to prescribe ivacaftor or elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor.
• Part A and Part B: Use of an investigational drug within 28 days prior to and including the first study visit. Use of ivacaftor or elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor within the 180 days prior to and including the first study visit. Use of chronic oral corticosteroids within the 28 days prior to and including the first study visit.