• Age between 13-18
• Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for at least six months.
• Both sexes and all ethnicities included.
• Subject and at least one parent able to communicate in English.
• Poorly controlled T1D as evidenced by a >40% annual risk of developing DKA in the following year
• Treated with subcutaneous insulin, either with a basal/bolus insulin regimen or a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) device.
• Willing to wear CGM and utilize the share function to clinician and guardian, with measuring blood glucose checks as required by the CGM.
• Owning a smartphone compatible with Dexcom G6 software to allow the use of share/follow features with internet access capabilities
• Willing to participate in secure text messaging with study personnel.
• Female participants must have a negative pregnancy test.
• Type 2 diabetes, secondary diabetes or CF related diabetes.
• Other severe chronic disease (e.g., cancer) which in the judgment of the investigator is likely to significantly affect glycemic control.
• Patients cannot be taking systemic corticosteroids at enrollment because of adverse effects on glycemic control, but we will not disqualify subjects who require such therapy during the study. Inhaled or topical corticosteroids are permissible.
• Patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism must be clinically euthyroid and have free T4 and TSH within age-appropriate reference ranges at last medically indicated testing. Patients with out of range values may be retested after medication dose adjustment.
• Developmental delay or behavioral disorder in the patient of sufficient severity, in the judgment of the investigator, to interfere with study activities. Severe uncontrolled depression defined as PHQ-9A >9 at time of enrollment is an exclusion criterion.
• Medical or psychiatric disorder in a parent of sufficient severity, in the judgment of the investigator, to interfere with study activities.
• Regular CGM for the month preceding study period.
• Pregnancy, planned pregnancy or breast feeding
• CGM adhesive allergy
• Skin condition that makes CGM placement contraindicated.
• Sickle cell disease or hemoglobinopathy
• Red blood cell transfusion within 3 months prior to study enrollment

1. Participant in TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study (TN01) 2. Age 3 years or greater at the time of randomization 3. Willing to provide informed consent 4. Normal glucose tolerance by OGTT within 7 weeks (no more than 52 days) of baseline 5. Two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies present on two separate samples 6. Weight of 12 kg or greater at screening 7. If a female participant with reproductive potential, willing to avoid pregnancy and undergo pregnancy testing prior to randomization and at each study visit 8. Anticipated ability to swallow study medication. 1. Abnormal Glucose Tolerance or Diabetes 2. History of treatment with insulin or other diabetes therapies 3. Ongoing use of medications known to influence glucose tolerance 4. Ongoing or anticipated future use of medications known to have untoward interactions with hydroxychloroquine 5. Known hypersensitivity to 4-aminoquinoline compounds 6. G6PD deficiency 7. History of retinopathy 8. Have an active infection at time of randomization 9. Have serologic evidence of current or past HIV, Hepatitis B (positive for Hepatitis B core antibody or surface antigen), or Hepatitis C infection 10. Deemed unlikely or unable to comply with the protocol or have any complicating medical issues, including prolonged QT interval, a disease previously or likely in the future to require immunosuppression, or abnormal clinical laboratory results that interfere with study conduct or cause increased risk.

• Age ≥ 18 years old
• Diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
• History of at least one of the following conditions: 1. Coronary artery disease (defined as prior MI, coronary revascularization (CABG or PCI), and/or obstructive CAD (≥50%) as documented by angiography or CTA) 2. Stroke and/or carotid artery stenosis (≥50%) 3. Peripheral Arterial disease (defined as claudication with ABI<0.9, prior peripheral revascularization, and/or amputation due to circulatory insufficiency)
• Ability to communicate with site staff and understand and provide written informed consent and proof of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) authorization
• Determined to be highly unlikely to survive and/or to continue follow-up in that clinic for at least 1 year, as identified by site investigator
• GFR<30 mL/min/1.73m2
• Already on all guideline-recommended therapies for T2DM and CVD
• Absolute contraindication to any of the guideline recommended therapies for T2DM and CVD

Key inclusion criteria 1. Male or female and age above or equal to 18 years at the time of signing informed consent. 2. Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus 180 days or more before screening. 3. HbA1c of 7.0 10.0% (53.0 85.8 mmol/mol) (both inclusive) as assessed by central laboratory on the day of screening. 4. Treated with once daily or twice daily basal insulin (neutral protamine hagedorn insulin, insulin degludec, insulin detemir, insulin glargine 100 units/mL, or insulin glargine 300 units/mL) 20- 80 units/day for 90 days or more before screening. Short term bolus insulin treatment for a maximum of 14 days before screening is allowed, as is prior insulin treatment for gestational diabetes. The treatment can be with or without any of the following anti diabetic drugs with stable doses for 90 days or more before screening:
• Metformin
• Sulfonylureas (a)
• Meglitinides (glinides) (a)
• DPP 4 inhibitors (a)
• Sodium glucose co transporter 2 inhibitors
• Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
• Thiazolidinediones
• Marketed oral combination products only including the products listed above. 5. Body mass index (BMI) below or equal to 40.0 kg/m^2. (a) Sulfonylureas, meglitinides (glinides) and DPP 4 inhibitors must be discontinued at randomisation. Key exclusion criteria 1. Female who is pregnant, breast-feeding or intends to become pregnant or is of childbearing potential and not using a highly effective contraceptive method. 2. Anticipated initiation or change in concomitant medication (for more than 14 consecutive days) known to affect weight or glucose metabolism (e.g. treatment with orlistat, thyroid hormones, or systemic corticosteroids). 3. Treatment with any medication for the indication of diabetes or obesity other than stated in the inclusion criteria within 90 days before screening. 4. Any episodes (as declared by the participant or in the medical records.) of diabetic ketoacidosis within 90 days before screening. 5. Presence or history of pancreatitis (acute or chronic) within 180 days before screening. 6. Any of the following: Myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina pectoris or transient ischaemic attack within 180 days before screening. 7. Chronic heart failure classified as being in New York Heart Association Class IV at screening. 8. Recurrent severe hypoglycaemic episodes within the last year (12 months) as judged by the investigator. 9. Uncontrolled and potentially unstable diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy. Verified by a fundus examination performed within the past 90 days before screening or in the period between screening and randomisation. Pharmacological pupil dilation is a requirement unless using a digital fundus photography camera specified for non-dilated examination.

• Has diabetes mellitus, according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria.
• Has an infection located on or distal to the malleolus that is ≥ 4 weeks old and where the excision post-surgically measures 1.5-20 cm2 and presents with clinical manifestations of a moderate infection.
• Has received no more than 36 hours of antibiotic therapy for the moderately infected ulcer prior to enrollment or there is clinical and/or microbiological evidence of failure of antibiotic treatment for the treatment of the moderately infected ulcer.
• Has documented adequate arterial perfusion in the affected limb by biphasic or triphasic Doppler wave forms, a toe brachial index (TBI) ≥0.75, or an ankle brachial index (ABI) of >0.9).
• Has read and signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF) after the nature of the study has been fully explained.
• Has proven or highly suspected, involvement of bone (i.e., osteomyelitis).
• Has an ulcer due to Charcot arthropathy.
• Has more than one concurrent, infected, diabetic foot wound on the study limb.
• Is unwilling or unable to attend clinic visits and keep research appointments.
• Is unwilling or unable to adhere to the systemic antibiotic treatment prescribed.
• Is unwilling or unable to adhere to proper pressure off-loading of the foot wound (when needed) from enrollment through EOS as directed by the treating physician.
• Has an untreated, uncontrolled, or poorly managed immunosuppressive and or autoimmune disorder.
• Plans to use any topical antibiotics, herbals remedies (e.g., honey), alternative medicines or antimicrobials, either directly or by dressings on their infected DFU at any time from enrollment through the EOS visit.
• Plans to receive treatment with larvae (maggots) for their infected DFU at any time from enrollment through the EOS visit.
• Plans to receive treatment with advanced cellular therapies (e.g., Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Cellular Tissue Products (CTP), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G CSF)) for their infected DFU at any time from enrollment through the EOS visit.
• History of major medical noncompliance.
• Any condition that has required treatment with any other bismuth containing compound within 2 weeks prior to enrollment through EOS visit (i.e., Kaopectate or Pepto-Bismol, including topical applications such as Xeroform).
• Plans to receive treatment with Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) or topical negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for their infected DFU at any time from enrollment through the EOS visit.
• Glycated hemoglobin >12%.
• Has a serum creatinine, ALT, AST or Alkaline Phosphatase >3 times the upper limit of the normal range of the local testing laboratory.
• End stage renal disease requiring dialysis.
• Has an absolute neutrophil count <1000.
• Has participated in an investigational trial to evaluate pharmaceuticals or biologics either concurrently or within the past 30 days.
• Will undergo a planned surgical therapy beyond standard bedside debridement or incision and drainage, to treat the DFI after enrollment.
• Has a known allergy to bismuth and/or MBN-101 excipients (methylcellulose, Tween 80 (polysorbate 80)).
• Is immunocompromised and not well-managed due to illness [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), autoimmune disease] or organ transplant.
• Has a history of any type of cancer (excluding non-melanoma localized skin cancer or completely excised and cured carcinoma-in-situ of uterine cervix) unless the subject has been free of cancer for > 5 years.
• Developmental disability/significant psychological disorder that in the opinion of the investigator could impair the subject's ability to provide informed consent, participate in the study protocol or record study measures.
• Active alcohol abuse (> 14 drinks per week over the last 3 months) or substance abuse (current use of cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamines) or if drug or alcohol use will interfere with visits in clinic in the opinion of the investigator.
• Has other medical condition(s) which, in the opinion of the Principal Investigator, would jeopardize the safety of the study subject or impact the validity of the study results.

1. Have been diagnosed with PA. 2. Are taking mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) to control BP; or are newly diagnosed with PA and have not started MRA treatment. 3. Are willing and able to cease dosing of MRA for up to 4 weeks in patients taking MRA. 4. Are willing to be compliant with the contraception and reproduction restrictions of the study. 5. Have increased SBP by ≥ 20 mmHg or have SBP ≥ 160 mmHg after dosing of MRA treatment is ceased for up to 4 weeks duration, or have SBP ≥ 150 mmHg for patients who are newly diagnosed with PA and have not taken an MRA in the past 12 weeks. 1. At Screening Visit, have a single occurrence of mean seated SBP > 180 mmHg or DBP > 110 mmHg if not taking an MRA; or have a mean seated SBP ≥ 160 mmHg or DBP ≥ 100 mmHg if currently taking an MRA. 2. Have a body mass index > 45 kg/m2. 3. Have had a previous surgical intervention for an adrenal adenoma or have a planned adrenal carcinoma, adrenalectomy, renal nerve denervation, or adrenal ablative procedure during the course of the study. 4. Have a documented estimated glomerular filtration rate < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2. 5. Have a planned dialysis, kidney transplantation or any major surgical procedure during the course of the study. 6. Have known documented New York Heart Association class III or IV chronic heart failure. 7. Have had a stroke, transient ischemic attack, hypertensive encephalopathy, acute coronary syndrome, or hospitalization for heart failure within 6 months before the Screening Visit. 8. Have known current severe left ventricular outflow obstruction. 9. Have had major cardiac surgery within 6 months before the Screening Visit. 10. Have a history of, or currently experiencing, clinically significant arrhythmias. 11. Have had a prior solid organ transplant or cell transplant. 12. Are positive for HIV antibody, hepatitis C virus RNA, or hepatitis B surface antigen. 13. Have typical consumption of > 14 alcoholic drinks weekly.

• Individuals 1 to 45 years old who have an immediate family member with type 1 diabetes (such as a child, parent, or sibling)
• Individuals 1-20 years old who have an extended family member with type 1 diabetes (such as a cousin, niece, nephew, aunt, uncle, grandparent, or half-sibling) To be eligible a person must not:
• Have diabetes already
• Have a previous history of being treated with insulin or oral diabetes medications.
• Currently be using systemic immunosuppressive agents (topical and inhaled agents are acceptable)
• Have any known serious diseases

Inclusion criteria of Cohort 1- Newborn:
• Subjects aged 1-2 days
• Subjects with gestational age 37-42 weeks
• Subjects with stable clinical status (admitted to normal newborn nursery) Inclusion criteria of Cohort 2
•Older children: • Subjects aged 0-18 years Inclusion criteria of Cohort 3
•Diseased children: Subjects (no age limit) with ANY phenotype as below:
• Confirmed metabolic or genetic diseases
• Suspected metabolic or genetic diseases
• Episodic metabolic decompensation (e.g. hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, metabolic acidosis)
• Developmental regression
• Major congenital malformation
• Other unexplained symptoms of potential genetic origin Exclusion criteria of Cohort 1
•Newborn:
• Subjects with gestational age <37 weeks or >42 weeks
• Subjects with overt signs of metabolic dysfunction, distress or genetic diseases including hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, sepsis/shock, hypoxemia, or major congenital malformation
• Subjects with mothers whose pregnancies were complicated by gestational diabetes, gestational hyperglycemia, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or any other major disorders. Exclusion criteria of Cohort 2
•Older children:
• Subjects with confirmed metabolic or genetic diseases
• Subjects with suspected metabolic or genetic diseases
• Subjects with episodic metabolic decompensation (e.g. hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, metabolic acidosis)
• Subjects with developmental regression
• Subjects with major congenital malformation Exclusion criteria of Cohort 3
•Diseased children No.

1. Adolescents and adults with previously documented diagnosis of Glut1 Deficiency with diagnosis genetically confirmed or confirmed by PET scan of the brain. 2. Ages 16 to 65 3. Persons with dental fillings, dental crowns, and short (max.4 cm) dental retainer wires can be included. 1. People or patients with uncontrolled seizure disorder, defined as grand mal (not absence) seizure in the preceding 3 months. 2. Pregnant females will be excluded. A serum or urine pregnancy test will be administered to all females of child bearing potential within 24 hours of administration of the tracer and MRI scan. The pregnancy test will be communicated in person by the study PI. Positive results in subjects 17 years old or younger will be disclosed to parent/guardian only. 3. Subjects with typical implanted orthopedic metal in bone may be considered for inclusion in a 7T scan providing the implant is not within the volume of the radio frequency coil. The PI and the AIRC Medical Director will discuss each case and determine eligibility. 4. Persons with ICD, pacemakers, neurostimulators and other such devices will be excluded. 5. Persons with claustrophobia are excluded. 6. Persons with questionable ferrous implants, bullets, BB's, and shrapnel will be excluded. 7. Subjects who are not fluent in English will be excluded because immediate cooperation and the ability to respond to instructions from the investigators are necessary.