1. Male and female adults. 2. Diagnosis of possible or probable AD by standard NIA criteria (McKahnn et al, 1984; McKhann et all, 2011) 3. Folstein MMSE 5-26 out of 30 4. Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) agitation/aggression subscale score > 4. On each subscale (frequency X severity), a score higher than 4 represents moderate to severe symptoms. 5. Female patients need to be post-menopausal 6. Availability of informant; patients without an informant will not be recruited. Patients who lack capacity must have a surrogate. 1. Medical contraindication to lithium treatment or prior history of intolerability to lithium treatment. Contraindications to lithium in this study include: resting tremor causing functional impairment, history of falls in the last month, untreated thyroid disease or any abnormal thyroid function test (T3, T4, or TSH), creatinine level greater than 1.5 mg/100ml or a glomerular filtration rate less than 44ml/min/ 1.73m2; blood pressure > 150/90 mm Hg; heart rate < 50 bpm; unstable cardiac disease based on history, physical examination, and ECG. 2. Medications, in combination with lithium, known to have adverse renal effects, including therapeutic or higher doses of diuretics, i.e. hydrochlorothiazide greater than 25mg daily or furosemide greater than 10mg daily. Whenever feasible, patients receiving concomitant antidepressants or antipsychotics will be washed off these medications for at least 24 hours before starting lithium. Patients who do not wish to discontinue antipsychotics or antidepressants, typically because of family member/caregiver objection, will be allowed to enter the trial provided there is no contraindication to concomitant lithium use with that specific psychotropic medication. During the trial, patients will be permitted to receive lorazepam as needed up to 1 mg/day for anxiety/insomnia, and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, e.g., zolpidem. 3. Current clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, other psychosis, or bipolar 1 disorder (DSM-IV TR criteria). 4. Current or recent (past 6 months) alcohol or substance dependence (DSM-IV TR criteria). 5. Current major depression or suicidality as assessed by the study psychiatrist. 6. Suicidal behavior or dangerous behavior with serious safety risk or risk of physical harm to self or others. 7. Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease, multiple sclerosis, CNS infection, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, other major neurological disorder. 8. Clinical stroke with residual neurological deficits. MRI findings of cerebrovascular disease (smallinfarcts, lacunes, periventricular disease) in the absence of clinical stroke with residual neurological deficits will not lead to exclusion. 9. Acute, severe, unstable medical illness. For cancer, patients with active illness or metastases will be excluded, but past history of successfully treated cancer will not lead to exclusion. 10. QTc interval > 460 ms at the time of baseline EKG is an exclusion criterion for treatment. 11. Hypernatremia as determined by serum sodium level > 150 meq/L.

• Participant has successfully completed Studies 15-AVP-786-301, 15-AVP-786-302, or 12-AVR-131
• Participants from Study 12-AVR-131 with a diagnosis of probable AD according to the 2011 National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) working group criteria
• Either out-patients or residents of an assisted-living facility or a skilled nursing home
• Participants from Study 12-AVR-131 who have clinically significant, moderate/severe agitation at least 2 weeks prior to baseline
• Participants from Study 12-AVR-131 with a diagnosis of agitation that must meet the International Psychogeriatric Association (IPA) provisional definition of agitation
• Participants from Study 12-AVR-131 with a Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGIS) score assessing Agitation of ≥ 4 (moderately ill) at screening and baseline
• Participants from Study 12-AVR-131 with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 6 and 26 (inclusive) at screening and baseline
• Participants with co-existent clinically significant or unstable systemic diseases that could confound the interpretation of the safety results of the study (e.g., malignancy, poorly controlled diabetes, poorly controlled hypertension, unstable pulmonary, renal or hepatic disease, unstable ischemic cardiac disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, or unstable valvular heart disease)
• Participants determined to have a high imminent risk of falls during the study based on a clinical evaluation by the investigator
• Participants who are currently using or were on NUEDEXTA® in the 2 weeks preceding baseline

Inclusion criteria: Subjects are eligible to participate if they are undergoing TAVR for aortic stenosis at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. 1. The patient cannot or will not provide informed consent. 2. The patient is aged less than 18 years. 3. The patient's pre-procedural hematocrit is less than 25%. 4. The patient has known hepatitis C and/or human immunodeficiency virus infection 5. In the opinion of the principal investigator, the patient will be unlikely to complete long-term follow up for medical or social reasons.

• Undergoing heart surgery
• Willing to provide consent
• Enrolled in a concurrent drug or device trial that precludes concurrent enrollment

Acute HF Population (ED setting):
• Subjects must have suspicion of HF and acute symptoms at presentation.
• Subjects must be at least 22 years of age.
• Subjects must be willing and able to provide informed consent.
• Acute symptoms clearly not secondary to HF.
• Subjects with renal disease on dialysis.
• Subjects unable to comply with the study requirements. Population with suspicion of HF (Outpatient Setting):
• Subjects must be at least 22 years of age.
• Subjects must be willing and able to provide informed consent.
• Subjects who present to outpatient centers with suspicion HF.
• Symptoms clearly not secondary to HF.
• Subjects with renal disease on dialysis.
• Subjects unable to comply with the study requirements.
• Subjects previously diagnosed with heart failure.

Inclusion criteria:
• Male or female patient, age >= 18 years at screening. For Japan only: Age >=20 years at screening
• Patients with chronic HF (Chronic Heart Failure) NYHA (New York Heart Association classification) class II-IV and preserved EF (Ejection Fraction)(LVEF (Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction) > 40 %) and elevated NT-proBNP (N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide) > 300 pg/ml for patients without AF, OR > 900 pg/ml for patients with AF, analysed at the Central laboratory at Visit 1
• Structural heart disease within 6 months prior to Visit 1, OR documented HHF (Hospitalisation for Heart Failure) within 12 months prior to Visit 1
• Stable dose of oral diuretics, if prescribed
• Signed and dated written ICF (informed consent form)
• Further inclusion criteria apply Exclusion criteria:
• Myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery or other major cardiovascular surgery, stroke or TIA (Transient Ischaemic Attack) in past 90 days prior to Visit 1
• Heart transplant recipient or listed for heart transplant
• Acute decompensated HF (Heart Failure)
• Systolic blood pressure (SBP) >= 180 mmHg at Visit 2.
• Symptomatic hypotension and/or a SBP < 100 mmHg
• Indication of liver disease,
• Impaired renal function, defined as eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) < 20 mL/min/1.73 m2 (CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration Equation))cr or requiring dialysis
• History of ketoacidosis
• Current use or prior use of a SGLT (Sodium-glucose co-transporter) -2 inhibitor or combined SGLT-1 and 2 inhibitor
• Currently enrolled in another investigational device or drug trial
• Known allergy or hypersensitivity to empagliflozin or other SGLT-2 inhibitors
• Women who are pregnant, nursing, or who plan to become pregnant while in the trial
• Further exclusion criteria may apply

• Member of at least one of the following categories: 1. Individuals with a clinical diagnosis of ALS or a related disorder, including FTD, HSP, PLS, PMA and MSP (sporadic or familial). 2. Family member of an enrolled affected individual.
• Able and willing to comply with relevant procedures.
• Affected with end or late stage disease.
• A condition or situation which, in the PI's opinion, could confound the study finding or may interfere significantly with the individual's participation and compliance with the study protocol. This includes (but is not limited to) neurological, psychological and/or medical conditions.

Inclusion criteria:
• Male or female patient age >= 18 years at screening. For Japan only: Age >= 20 years at screening
• Patients with chronic HF (Chronic Heart Failure) NYHA (New York Heart Association Classification) class II-IV and reduced EF (Ejection Fraction) (LVEF (Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction) <=40%) and elevated NT-proBNP (N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide)
• If EF >= 36% to <= 40%: NT-proBNP >= 2500 pg/ml or patients without AF (atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter) and NT-proBNP >= 5000 pg/ml for patients with AF
• If EF >= 31% to <= 35%: NT-proBNP >= 1000 pg/ml for patients without AF and NT-proBNP >=2000 pg/ml for patients with AF
• If EF<= 30%: NT-proBNP >= 600 pg/ml for patients without AF and NT-proBNP >=1200 pg/ml for patients with AF
• EF ≤ 40% and hospitalization for heart failure in the past 12 months: NTproBNP ≥ 600 pg/ml for patients without AF and NT-proBNP >= 1200 pg/ml for patients with AF
• Appropriate dose of medical therapy for HF consistent with prevailing local and international CV (Cardiovascular) guidelines, stable for at least 1 week prior to Visit 1
• Appropriate use of medical devices such as cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or a cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) consistent with prevailing local or international CV guidelines
• Signed and dated written ICF (Informed Consent Form)
• Further inclusion criteria apply Exclusion criteria:
• Myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, or other major cardiovascular surgery, stroke or TIA (Transient Ischaemic Attack) in past 90 days prior to Visit 1
• Heart transplant recipient, or listed for heart transplant
• Acute decompensated HF
• Systolic blood pressure (SBP) >= 180 mmHg at Visit 2.
• Symptomatic hypotension and/or a SBP < 100 mmHg
• Indication of liver disease
• Impaired renal function, defined as eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) < 20 mL/min/1.73 m2 (CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease
•Epidemiology Collaboration Equation)) or requiring dialysis
• History of ketoacidosis
• Current use or prior use of a SGLT (Sodium-glucose co-transporter)-2 inhibitor or combined SGLT-1 and 2 inhibitor
• Currently enrolled in another investigational device or drug study
• Known allergy or hypersensitivity to empagliflozin or other SGLT-2 inhibitors
• Women who are pregnant, nursing, or who plan to become pregnant while in the trial
• Further exclusion criteria apply

Inclusion Criteria (all CN participants): 1. Participant with or without subjective memory complaints, verified by a study partner, beyond what one would expect for age 2. Normal memory function documented by scoring above education adjusted cutoffs on the Logical Memory II subscale (Delayed Paragraph Recall, Paragraph A only) from the Wechsler Memory Scale -Revised (the maximum score is 25): 1. 9 for 16 or more years of education 2. 5 for 8-15 years of education 3. 3 for 0-7 years of education 3. Mini-Mental State Exam score between 24 and 30 inclusive (Exceptions may be made for participants with less than 8 years of education at the discretion of the Project Director) 4. Clinical Dementia Rating = 0. Memory Box score must be 0 5. Cognitively normal, based on an absence of significant impairment in cognitive functions or activities of daily living 6. Stability of Permitted Medications for at least 4 weeks: 1. Stable doses of antidepressants lacking significant anticholinergic side effects (if they are currently adequately treated for depressive symptoms and do not have a history of major depression within the past 1 years) 2. Estrogen replacement therapy is permissible 3. Gingko biloba is permissible, but discouraged 4. Washout from psychoactive medication (e.g., excluded antidepressants, neuroleptics, chronic anxiolytics or sedative hypnotics, etc.) for at least 4 weeks prior to screening. Inclusion Criteria (all MCI participants): 1. Participant must express a subjective memory concern as reported by participant, or recalled by study partner or clinician. 2. Abnormal memory function documented by scoring below education adjusted cutoffs on the Logical Memory II subscale (Delayed Paragraph Recall, Paragraph A only) from the Wechsler Memory Scale -Revised (the maximum score is 25): a. < 11 for 16 or more years of education b. ≤ 9 for 8-15 years of education c. ≤ 6 for 0-7 years of education 3. Mini-Mental State Exam score between 24 and 30 inclusive (Exceptions may be made for participants with less than 8 years of education at the discretion of the Project Director) 4. Clinical Dementia Rating = 0.5. Memory Box score must be at least 0.5 5. General cognition and functional performance sufficiently preserved such that a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease cannot be made by the site physician at the time of the Screening Visit 6. Stability of Permitted Medications for at least 4 weeks: 1. Stable doses of antidepressants lacking significant anticholinergic side effects (if they are currently adequately treated for depressive symptoms and do not have a history of major depression within the past 1 years) 2. Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are allowable if stable for 12 weeks prior to Screening Visit 3. Estrogen replacement therapy is permissible 4. Gingko biloba is permissible, but discouraged 5. Washout from psychoactive medication (e.g., excluded antidepressants, neuroleptics, chronic anxiolytics or sedative hypnotics, etc.) for at least 4 weeks prior to screening. Inclusion Criteria (all AD participants): 1. Participant must express a subjective memory concern as reported by participant, or recalled by study partner or clinician.n. 2. Abnormal memory function documented by scoring below education adjusted cutoffs on the Logical Memory II subscale (Delayed Paragraph Recall, Paragraph A only) from the Wechsler Memory Scale -Revised (the maximum score is 25): 1. ≤ 8 for 16 or more years of education 2. ≤ 4 for 8-15 years of education 3. ≤ 2 for 0-7 years of education 3. Mini-Mental State Exam score between 20 and 24 inclusive (Exceptions for scores of 24 and 25 may be made for participants with less than 8 years of education at the discretion of the Project Director) 4. Clinical Dementia Rating = 0.5 or 1.0 5. NINCDS (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke) -ADRDA (Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association) criteria for probable AD 6. Stability of Permitted Medications for at least 4 weeks: 1. Stable doses of antidepressants lacking significant anticholinergic side effects (if they are currently adequately treated for depressive symptoms and do not have a history of major depression within the past 1 years) 2. Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are allowable if stable for 12 weeks prior to Screening Visit 3. Estrogen replacement therapy is permissible 4. Gingko biloba is permissible, but discouraged 5. Washout from psychoactive medication (e.g., excluded antidepressants, neuroleptics, chronic anxiolytics or sedative hypnotics, etc.) for at least 4 weeks prior to screening. Inclusion Criteria Specific to Newly Enrolled Participants 1. Geriatric Depression Scale score less than 6. 2. Age between 55-90 years (inclusive). 3. Study partner who has frequent contact with the participant (i.e., minimum average of 10 hours per week) and is available to accompany the participant to all clinic visits for the duration of the protocol. 4. Visual and auditory acuity adequate for neuropsychological testing. 5. Good general health with no diseases expected to interfere with the study. 6. Participant is not pregnant, lactating, or of childbearing potential (i.e. women must be two years post-menopausal or surgically sterile). 7. Willing and able to participate in a longitudinal imaging study. 8. Modified Hachinski Ischemic Score less than or equal to 4. 9. Completed six grades of education or has a good work history (sufficient to exclude mental retardation). 10. Must speak English or Spanish fluently. 11. Willing to undergo repeated MRIs (3Tesla) and at least two PET scans 12. Agrees to collection of blood for genomic analysis (including GWAS (genome-wide association study) sequencing and other analysis), APOE (Apolipoprotein E) testing and biospecimen banking. 13. Agrees to collection of blood for biomarker testing. 14. Agrees to at least one lumbar puncture for the collection of CSF. 15. Agrees to share genomic data and biomarker samples. Inclusion Criteria Specific to Rollover Participants" The following additional inclusion criteria apply to all diagnostic categories for rollover participants only: 1. Must have been enrolled and followed in ADNI-1, ADNI-GO, or ADNI-2 for at least one year. 2. Willing and able to continue to participate in an ongoing longitudinal study. A reduced battery of tests is allowable if the participant is not able/willing to complete the full battery. Exclusion Criteria (all CN participants): 1. Any significant neurologic disease, such as Parkinson's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Huntington's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, brain tumor, progressive supranuclear palsy, seizure disorder, subdural hematoma, multiple sclerosis, or history of significant head trauma followed by persistent neurologic deficits or known structural brain abnormalities Exclusion Criteria (all MCI participants): 1. Any significant neurologic disease other than suspected incipient Alzheimer's disease, such as Parkinson's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Huntington's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, brain tumor, progressive supranuclear palsy, seizure disorder, subdural hematoma, multiple sclerosis, or history of significant head trauma followed by persistent neurologic deficits or known structural brain abnormalities. Exclusion Criteria (all AD participants): 1. Any significant neurologic disease other than Alzheimer's disease, such as Parkinson's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Huntington's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, brain tumor, progressive supranuclear palsy, seizure disorder, subdural hematoma, multiple sclerosis, or history of significant head trauma followed by persistent neurologic deficits or known structural brain abnormalities. Exclusion Criteria (all participants): The following additional exclusion criteria apply to all diagnostic categories: 1. Screening/Baseline MRI brain scan with evidence of infection, infarction, or other focal lesions or multiple lacunes or lacunes in a critical memory structure 2. Subjects that have any contraindications for MRI studies, including the presence of cardiac pacemakers, or metal fragments or foreign objects in the eyes, skin or body. 3. Major depression, bipolar disorder as described in DSM-IV within the past 1 year. Psychotic features, agitation or behavioral problems within the last 3 months that could lead to difficulty complying with the protocol. 4. Currently treated with medication for obsessive-compulsive disorder or attention deficit disorder. 5. History of schizophrenia (DSM IV criteria). 6. History of alcohol or substance abuse or dependence within the past 2 years (DSM IV criteria). 7. Any significant systemic illness or unstable medical condition, which could lead to difficulty complying with the protocol. 8. Clinically significant abnormalities in B12 or thyroid function tests (TFTs) that might interfere with the study. A low B12 is exclusionary, unless follow-up labs (homocysteine (HC) and methylmalonic acid (MMA)) indicate that it is not physiologically significant. 9. Residence in a skilled nursing facility. 10. Current use of specific psychoactive medications (e.g., certain antidepressants, neuroleptics, chronic anxiolytics or sedative hypnotics). Current use of warfarin or other anticoagulants such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban (exclusionary for lumbar puncture). 11. Current use of any other exclusionary medications 12. Investigational agents are prohibited one month prior to entry and for the duration of the trial. 13. Participation in clinical studies involving neuropsychological measures being collected more than one time per year. Exclusion Criteria Specific to AV-1451 PET: The following criteria are exclusionary only for the AV-1451 scanning portion of the study: 1. History of risk factors for torsades de pointes (a cardiac dysrhythmia associated with sudden death) or taking medications known to prolong the QT interval. A list of restricted medications will be provided. 2. Have an ECG obtained prior to the AV-1451 PET scan that in the opinion of the investigator is clinically significant with regard to the subject's participation in the study. Bazett's corrected QT (QTcB) interval must be evaluated and must not exceed 458 msec in males, or 474 msec in females.

• Subject is age 18 or above, or of legal age to give informed consent specific to each country and national laws.
• Subject has a documented diagnosis of heart failure.
• Subject has a Boston Scientific CRT-D or ICD device implant that has HeartLogic, with Heart Failure Sensors turned ON, Respiratory Sensor turned ON, and Sleep Incline Sensor turned ON.
• Subject has an active bipolar RV lead implant.
• Subject is enrolled in LATITUDE (NXT 5.0 or future version), and is willing to be remotely monitored from the baseline visit for approximately 12 months with HeartLogic disabled.
• Subject has received or is scheduled to receive a heart transplant or ventricular assist device (VAD).
• Subject is enrolled in any concurrent clinical study without prior Boston Scientific written approval (excluding registries).
• Subject has a life expectancy of less than 12 months.
• Subject has a history of non-compliance to medical care or known inability to comply with requirements of the clinical study protocol