• Histologically documented, unresectable locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma
• Measurable disease by investigator assessment according to RECIST v1.1
• Participants with prior definitive radiation therapy must have measurable disease per RECIST v1.1 that is outside the radiation field or has demonstrated unequivocal progression since completion of radiation therapy
• Participants must not have received prior systemic therapy for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma with the following exceptions:
• Participants that received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with recurrence >12 months from completion of therapy are permitted
• Participants that received adjuvant chemotherapy following cystectomy with recurrence >12 months from completion of therapy are permitted
• Must be considered eligible to receive cisplatin- or carboplatin-containing chemotherapy, in the investigator's judgment
• Archival tumor tissue comprising muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma or a biopsy of metastatic urothelial carcinoma must be provided for PD-L1 testing prior to randomization
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status score of 0, 1, or 2
• Adequate hematologic and organ function Exclusion Criteria
• Previously received enfortumab vedotin or other monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE)-based antibody-drug conjugate (ADCs)
• Received prior treatment with a programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-(L)-1) inhibitor for any malignancy, including earlier stage urothelial cancer (UC), defined as a PD-1 inhibitor or PD-L1 inhibitor
• Received prior treatment with an agent directed to another stimulatory or co inhibitory T-cell receptor
• Received anti-cancer treatment with chemotherapy, biologics, or investigational agents not otherwise prohibited by exclusion criterion 1-3 that is not completed 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment
• Uncontrolled diabetes
• Estimated life expectancy of less than 12 weeks
• Active central nervous system (CNS) metastases
• Ongoing clinically significant toxicity associated with prior treatment that has not resolved to ≤ Grade 1 or returned to baseline
• Currently receiving systemic antimicrobial treatment for active infection (viral, bacterial, or fungal) at the time of randomization. Routine antimicrobial prophylaxis is permitted.
• Known active hepatitis B, active hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
• History of another invasive malignancy within 3 years before the first dose of study drug, or any evidence of residual disease from a previously diagnosed malignancy
• Documented history of a cerebral vascular event (stroke or transient ischemic attack), unstable angina, myocardial infarction, or cardiac symptoms consistent with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class IV within 6 months prior to randomization
• Receipt of radiotherapy within 2 weeks prior to randomization
• Received major surgery (defined as requiring general anesthesia and >24 hour inpatient hospitalization) within 4 weeks prior to randomization
• Known severe (≥ Grade 3) hypersensitivity to any enfortumab vedotin excipient contained in the drug formulation of enfortumab vedotin
• Active keratitis or corneal ulcerations
• History of autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years
• History of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, organizing pneumonia, drug induced pneumonitis, idiopathic pneumonitis, or evidence of active pneumonitis on screening chest computed tomography (CT) scan
• Prior allogeneic stem cell or solid organ transplant
• Received a live attenuated vaccine within 30 days prior to randomization

• Biopsy proven UTUC with plan for excisional surgery (distal ureterectomy or nephroureterectomy) with curative intent
• Age 18
•90 years
• Life expectancy > 1 year
• Women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry, for the duration of study participation, and for 90 days following completion of therapy. Female participants who become pregnant or who suspect that they are pregnant should notify the treating investigator immediately.
• Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent.
• Concurrent or prior diagnosis of bladder cancer with a disease-free interval of less than three years.
• Synchronous bilateral upper tract urothelial carcinoma (prior history of contralateral UTUC is permissible with a disease-free interval of more than three years).
• Plan for radical cystectomy.
• 3.2.4 Suspicion for small bladder capacity (< 100 mL) based on treating urologist's clinical judgment.
• History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to gemcitabine or other agents used in study.

• Patient is undergoing investigation of recent confirmed hematuria, as defined by the AUA/SUFU Guideline (Barocas DA, Boorjian SA, Alvarez RD et al. Microhematuria: AUA/SUFU guideline, J Urol 2020; 204:778) (by either flexible or rigid cystoscopy/TURBT), including hematuria subjects referred due to suspicious/positive imaging, in order to determine the presence of urothelial carcinoma.
• Able to provide a voided urine sample of the required minimum volume
• Able to give written consent
• Able and willing to comply with study requirements
• Aged 18 years or older Exclusion Criteria
• Prior history of bladder malignancy or pelvic radiotherapy. Prior history prostate or renal cell carcinoma within the last 5 years.
• Prior genitourinary manipulation (flexible or rigid cystoscopy / catheterisation, urethral dilation) in the 14 days before urine collection,
• Known current pregnancy

• Histologically confirmed, non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma with carcinoma in situ (CIS) (with or without papillary disease)
• Predominant histologic component (>50 percent) must be urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma
• Participants must have high-risk Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
•unresponsive disease, defined as (where adequate BCG therapy is defined as one of the following: 5 of 6 doses of an initial induction course + at least 2 of 3 doses maintenance therapy or 5 of 6 doses of an initial induction course + at least 2 of 6 doses of a second induction course):
• Persistent or recurrent CIS alone or with recurrent Ta/T1 (noninvasive papillary disease/tumor invades the subepithelial connective tissue) disease within 12 months of completion of adequate BCG therapy.
• Recurrent high-grade Ta/T1 disease within 6 months of completion of adequate BCG therapy, or
• T1 high-grade disease at the first evaluation following an induction BCG course (at least 5 or 6 doses)
• Participant must be ineligible for or refusing a radical cystectomy
• All visible papillary Ta/T1 tumors must be completely resected within 60 days prior to enrollment.
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status score of 0, 1, or 2.
• Current or prior history of muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma or metastatic disease.
• Nodal or metastatic disease as noted on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 3 months prior to study treatment
• Concomitant upper tract urothelial carcinoma as noted on CT or MRI urogram performed within 3 months prior to study treatment
• Prior or concomitant urothelial carcinoma of the prostatic urethra within 6 months prior to study treatment
• Participants with tumor-related hydronephrosis
• Participant has received other systemic anticancer therapy including chemotherapy, biologic therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, endocrine therapy, and/or investigational agent within 4 weeks or intravesical therapy within 6 weeks of first dose of study treatment
• Participant has had any prior radiation to the bladder for urothelial cancer

• STEP 1 REGISTRATION AND RANDOMIZATION
• Patients must be >= 18 years of age
• Patient must have the ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document. Patients with impaired decision-making capacity (IDMC) who have a legally authorized representative (LAR) or caregiver and/or family member available will also be considered eligible
• Patient must have a diagnosis of high grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma proven by biopsy within 12 weeks (84 days) prior to registration/randomization with one of the following:
• Upper urinary tract mass on cross-sectional imaging or
• Tumor directly visualized during upper urinary tract endoscopy before referral to medical oncology
• NOTE: Biopsy is standard of care (SOC) and required for enrollment to study. This is vital for best practice
• Leukocytes >= 3,000/mcL (obtained =< 14 days prior to registration/randomization)
• Platelets >= 100,000/mcL (obtained =< 14 days prior to registration/randomization)
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (or =< 2.5 x ULN for patients with Gilbert's disease) (obtained =< 14 days prior to registration/randomization)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) =< 2.5 x institutional ULN (obtained =< 14 days prior to registration/randomization)
• Hemoglobin (Hgb) >= 9 g/dL (obtained =< 14 days prior to registration/randomization)
• NOTE: Packed red blood transfusion is allowed to achieve this parameter as per treating investigator
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on effective anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable viral load within 6 months prior to registration/randomization are eligible for this trial
• NOTE: These patients must be stable on their anti-retroviral regimen with evidence of at least two undetectable viral loads within the past 6 months on the same regimen; the most recent undetectable viral load must be within the past 12 weeks. They must have a CD4 count of greater than 250 cells/mcL over the past 6 months on this same anti-retroviral regimen and must not have had a CD4 count < 200 cells/mcL over the past 2 years, unless it was deemed related to the cancer and/or chemotherapy induced bone marrow suppression. They must not be currently receiving prophylactic therapy for an opportunistic infection and must not have had an opportunistic infection within the past 6 months
• NOTE: For patients who have received chemotherapy in the past 6 months, a CD4 count < 250 cells/mcL during chemotherapy is permitted as long as viral loads were undetectable during this same chemotherapy. They must have an undetectable viral load and a CD4 count >= 250 cells/mcL within 7 days of registration/randomization
• For patients with evidence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the HBV viral load must be undetectable on suppressive therapy, if indicated
• NOTE: Testing for HIV, hepatitis B or hepatitis C is not required unless clinically indicated
• Patients with a history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection must have been treated and have undetectable viral load. For patients with HCV infection who are currently on treatment, they are eligible if they have an undetectable HCV viral load
• Patients with known history or current symptoms of cardiac disease, or history of treatment with cardiotoxic agents, should have a clinical risk assessment of cardiac function using the New York Heart Association Functional Classification. To be eligible for this trial, patients should be class 2B or better
• Patient must have a body weight of > 30 kg
• Patient must have life expectancy of >= 12 weeks
• Patient must have creatinine clearance > 15 ml/min as by Crockroft-Gault formula or 24-hour creatinine clearance within 28 days prior to registration/randomization
• NOTE: Patients will be assigned to cisplatin-ineligible and cisplatin-eligible cohorts based on their creatinine clearance, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, and grade (if any) of peripheral neuropathy and/or hearing loss in keeping with SOC cisplatin contraindications. Patients that are cisplatin-eligible will be randomized to either Arm A or Arm B
• Patients that meet any of the following criteria will be registered and assigned to the cisplatin-ineligible Arm C if they meet other eligibility criteria:
• Creatinine clearance > 15 ml/min and =< 50 ml/min or hearing loss grade >= 3, or neuropathy >= 2, or ECOG PS 2
• Patient must have an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1,000/mcL obtained =< 14 days prior to registration
• Patient must have ECOG performance status 0-2
• Patients that meet the following criteria will be randomized to the cisplatin-eligible Arm A or Arm B:
• Patient must have creatinine clearance of > 50ml/min, PS ECOG 0-1, absence of hearing loss grade >= 3, and/or neuropathy >= 2
• Patient must have an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1,500/mcL obtained =< 14 days prior to randomization
• Patient must have left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >= 50% by (either multigated acquisition scan [MUGA] or 2-D echocardiogram) obtained within obtained within 28 days prior to randomization
• Patients must not have any component of small cell/neuroendocrine carcinoma. Other variant histologic types are permitted provided the predominant (>= 50%) subtype is urothelial carcinoma
• Patients must not be pregnant or breast-feeding due to the potential harm to an unborn fetus and possible risk for adverse events in nursing infants with the treatment regimens being used. All patients of childbearing potential must have a blood test or urine study within 14 days prior to registration to rule out pregnancy. A patient of childbearing potential is defined as any patient, regardless of sexual orientation or whether they have undergone tubal ligation, who meets the following criteria: 1) has achieved menarche at some point, 2) has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; or 3) has not been naturally postmenopausal (amenorrhea following cancer therapy does not rule out childbearing potential) for at least 24 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 24 consecutive months)
• Patients of childbearing potential and sexually active patients must not expect to conceive or father children, either by using accepted and effective method(s) of contraception or by abstaining from sexual intercourse from the time of registration, while on study treatment and for at least 6 months after the last dose of protocol treatment
• Patients must have no evidence of metastatic disease or clinically enlarged regional lymph nodes (>= 1.5 cm short axis) on imaging required within 28 days prior to registration (Non-regional findings >=1.5 cm short axis that in the opinion of the investigator are not concerning for involvement based on radiographic characteristics, chronicity, avidity on positron emission tomography (PET) or other imaging or other criteria can be eligible based on investigator discretion).
• NOTE: Patients with elevated alkaline phosphatase, calcium or suspicious bone pain/tenderness can also undergo baseline bone scans to evaluate for bone metastasis at the discretion of local provider.
• Patient must meet below criteria for prior/current malignancy history:
• Non-urothelial cancer malignancy history:
• Patient must not have another active (or within two years) second malignancy other than resected non-melanoma skin cancers, resected in situ breast, cervical or other in situ carcinoma, and either clinically insignificant per the investigator (e.g. =< Gleason 3+4) on active surveillance (or watchful waiting) or previously treated prostate cancer with no rising prostate specific antigen (PSA) and no plan to treat
• NOTE: Patients with a prior or concurrent malignancy whose natural history or treatment does not have the potential to interfere with the safety or efficacy assessment of the investigational regimen are eligible for this trial. Patients in whom concomitant or prior bladder/urethra predominant (>= 50%) urothelial carcinoma have been surgically resected and demonstrated to be only non-invasive cancer (< cT1N0) are eligible regardless of time elapsed
• Urothelial cancer malignancy history:
• Patient may have a history of resectable urothelial cancer as long as patients meet one of the following:
• T0, Ta or Tis at any time
• T1-4a N0 and no evidence of disease (NED) for more than 2 years from the latest therapy [e.g., radical surgery, transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), radiation, chemotherapy (neoadjuvant or adjuvant, or with radiation)]. Prior immune checkpoint inhibitor is not allowed.
• Patient with history of >= pT4b, N+, and/or M1 is not eligible.
• NOTE: Patients in whom concomitant or prior bladder/urethra predominant (>= 50%) urothelial carcinoma have been surgically resected and demonstrated to be only Ta or carcinoma in situ (CIS) (< cT1 N0) are eligible regardless of time elapsed
• Patient must not have any uncontrolled illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection including tuberculosis (clinical evaluation that includes clinical history, physical examination and radiographic findings, and tuberculosis [TB] testing in line with local practice), symptomatic congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction (MI) in last three months, or unstable angina pectoris, significant uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia, clinically relevant liver cirrhosis, interstitial lung disease, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
• Patient must not have received prior radiation therapy to >= 25% of the bone marrow for other diseases
• Patient must not have received prior systemic anthracycline therapy
• NOTE: Patients who have received prior intravesical chemotherapy at any time for non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder are eligible
• Patient must not have either history of or active autoimmune disease requiring immunosuppressive therapy within 2 years prior to registration/randomization or any history of inflammatory bowel disease (inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], colitis, or Crohn's disease), neuromuscular autoimmune condition, immune-related pneumonitis or interstitial lung disease. Patients with well-controlled hyper/hypothyroidism, celiac controlled by diet alone, diabetes mellitus type I, vitiligo, alopecia, psoriasis, eczema, lichen planus, or similar skin/mucosa condition are eligible
• Patient must not be on or have used immunosuppressive medication within 14 days prior to the first dose of durvalumab. The following are exceptions to this criterion:
• Intranasal, inhaled, intra-auricular, topical steroids, or local steroid injections (e.g. intra-articular injection
• Systemic corticosteroids at physiologic doses not to exceed 10 mg/day of prednisone or its equivalent at the time of enrollment
• Steroids as premedications for hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. computed tomography [CT] scan premedication)
• Patient must not have received live attenuated vaccine within 30 days prior to the first dose of durvalumab, while on protocol treatment and within 30 days after the last dose of durvalumab
• Patient must not have had a major surgical procedure within 28 days prior to registration/randomization
• NOTE: Cystoscopy/ureteroscopy, stent placement or nephrostomy tube is not considered major surgery
• Patient must not have history of allogenic organ transplantation

• Step 1 Patient Registration Eligibility Criteria
• Histologically confirmed muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Urothelial carcinoma invading into the prostatic stroma with no histologic muscle invasion is allowed, provided the extent of disease is confirmed via imaging and/or examination under anesthesia (EUA). The diagnostic TURBT sample must have been obtained within 60 days prior to registration
• 20 unstained slides (10 micron thickness) of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) pre-treatment diagnostic transurethral resection (TUR) specimen available (for sequencing), with 2 (5 micron) slides at the start and end of the 20 slides, for a total of 22 unstained slides. An FFPE block is also acceptable
• Clinical stage T2-T4aN0/xM0 disease
• Medically appropriate candidate for radical cystectomy as assessed by surgeon
• No concomitant multifocal carcinoma in situ; a single focus is allowed
• A single muscle-invasive bladder tumor measuring ≤5 cm in size as defined by the surgeons at cystoscopic evaluation. When documented, pathologic size at cystoscopy and TURBT will take precedence over radiographic measurements of tumor size.
• No clinical or radiographic evidence for locally advanced or metastatic disease
• No prior anti-PD-1 or anti PD-L1 therapies, or systemic chemotherapy within the past 5 years (prior intravesical induction immunotherapy for non-muscle invasive disease is allowed, defined as BCG x6 doses and maintenance therapy); BCG refractory disease, defined as disease recurrence within 3 months of BCG therapy, is not allowed. Intravesical chemotherapy is allowed.
• No prior radiation therapy to the bladder or prostate
• No major surgery or radiation therapy =< 4 weeks of registration (TURBT is allowed).
• Not pregnant and not nursing. This study involves an agent that has known genotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects. For women of childbearing potential only, a negative pregnancy test done =< 14 days prior to registration is required
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-1
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1,000/mm^3
• Platelet count >= 100,000/mm^3
• Calculated creatinine clearance ≥ 55 mL/min using formula per institutional standard or investigator's discretion. The same formula should be used to calculate all subsequent creatinine clearances.
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) * (For patients with documented Gilbert's syndrome Total Bilirubin =< 3 x ULN)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =< 2.5 x ULN
• Alkaline phosphatase =< 2.5 x ULN
• No evidence of New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV heart disease
• No ongoing cardiac dysrhythmias of National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0 grade >= 2
• No pre-existing sensory grade >= 2 neuropathy
• No pre-existing grade >= 2 hearing loss
• No serious intercurrent medical or psychiatric illness, including serious active infection
• None of the following within the 6 months prior to study drug administration: myocardial infarction, severe/unstable angina, coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft, symptomatic congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, or transient ischemic attack
• No known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related illness or other active infection. HIV-positive patients on combination antiretroviral therapy are ineligible because of the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions with the drugs used in this trial. In addition, these patients are at increased risk of lethal infections when treated with marrow-suppressive therapy. Appropriate studies will be undertaken in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy, when indicated
• No history of allergic reaction attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to the agents used in this study
• No concurrent treatment on another clinical trial; supportive care trials or non-therapeutic trials (e.g., quality of life) are allowed
• No prior malignancy except for: adequately treated basal or squamous cell skin cancer, in situ cervical cancer, adequately treated stage I or II cancer from which the patient is currently in complete remission, or any other cancer from which the patient has been disease free for five years. Patients with localized prostate cancer who are being followed by an active surveillance program are also eligible
• Step 2 Patient Registration Eligibility Criteria
• Patients must have completed 4 or more cycles of protocol-directed chemotherapy and DDR gene results must be available
• Step 3 Patient Registration Eligibility Criteria (only patients with a DDR gene alteration)
• Deleterious alteration within 1 or more of 9 pre-defined DDR genes within the pre-treatment TURBT deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Cystoscopy and imaging performed to determine stage/treatment assignment

• Participants must have one of the following:
• Histologically documented muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma (MIBC) from transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) within 56 days prior to registration
• Histologically confirmed high grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) within 56 days prior to registration, with invasion confirmed by either a mass on cross-sectional imaging or a tumor directly visualized during upper urinary tract endoscopy within 56 days prior to registration
• Participants diagnosed with mixed urothelial carcinoma and variant histology within 56 days prior to registration may be eligible if the majority (> 50%) of the tumor consists of urothelial carcinoma. Participants with pure non-urothelial variant histologies or any small cell histology are not eligible
• Participants must have clinical stage T2-T4aN0M0 bladder or upper tract cancer confirmed by radiologic staging (computed tomography [CT] scan/magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] abdomen and pelvis, and CT scan/x-ray of the chest) within 56 days prior to registration
• Participants must have a bone scan within 56 days prior to registration if they have bone pain or elevated serum alkaline phosphatase
• Participants must have a bimanual examination under anesthesia within 56 days prior to registration
• Participants must not have received prior systemic chemotherapy, immunotherapy or radiotherapy for the treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) or upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Other prior pelvic radiotherapy is allowed if it does not preclude surgery (radical cystectomy, nephroureterectomy or ureterectomy, based on location of primary tumor). Prior intravesical therapy is allowed
• Participants must not have received immunosuppressive medication within 14 days prior to registration, with the exception of intranasal, inhaled, topical steroids, or local steroid injections (e.g., intra-articular injection) systemic corticosteroids at physiologic doses not to exceed 10 mg/day of prednisone or its equivalent
• Participants must be >= 18 years of age
• Participants must have Zubrod performance status 0-2
• Participants must have history and physical examination within 28 days prior to registration
• Participants must be surgical candidates as deemed by the local site oncologic surgeon within 28 days prior to registration. This must be clearly documented
• Participants must have a serum creatinine =< the institutional upper limit of normal (IULN) OR measured OR calculated creatinine clearance >= 30 mL/min using the Crockroft-Gault Formula. This specimen must have been drawn and processed within 28 days prior to registration
• Participants must be deemed cisplatin-ineligible based on greater than or equal to 1 of the following:
• Zubrod performance status = 2
• Creatinine clearance (calculated by Crockroft-Gault formula or measured) 30 to < 60 ml/min,
• Neuropathy > grade 1
• Hearing loss > grade 1
• Congestive heart failure > grade 2
• Hemoglobin >= 9.0 g/dL (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,500/mcL (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Platelets >= 100,000/mcL (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) =< 2.5 x institutional ULN (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =< 2.5 x institutional ULN (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Participants with known history or current symptoms of cardiac disease, or history of treatment with cardiotoxic agents, must have a clinical risk assessment of cardiac function using the New York Heart Association Functional Classification and be class 2B or better
• Participants with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) must be on effective anti-retroviral therapy and have undetectable viral load at their most recent viral load test and within 6 months prior to registration
• Participant must not have any other prior malignancy except for the following: adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, in situ cervical cancer, prostate cancer Gleason score =< 3+4 in active surveillance, adequately treated stage I or II cancer from which the participant is currently in complete remission, or any other cancer from which the participant has been disease free for two years
• Participants must not be pregnant or nursing due to the risk of harm to a fetus or nursing infant. Women/men of reproductive potential must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 28 days prior to registration and must have agreed to use an effective contraceptive method. A woman is considered to be of "reproductive potential" if she has had menses at any time in the preceding 12 consecutive months. In addition to routine contraceptive methods, "effective contraception" also includes heterosexual celibacy and surgery intended to prevent pregnancy (or with a side-effect of pregnancy prevention) defined as a hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy or bilateral tubal ligation. However, if at any point a previously celibate participant chooses to become heterosexually active during the time period for use of contraceptive measures outlined in the protocol, he/she is responsible for beginning contraceptive measures
• Participants must not have a history of active primary immunodeficiency
• Participants must not have a history of or active autoimmune or inflammatory disorder, with the exception of vitiligo, alopecia, hypothyroidism (stable on hormone replacement), or chronic skin condition that does not require systemic therapy

• STEP 1 REGISTRATION: If this will be the first patient from a registering site to receive a given RT modality (3DCRT vs. IMRT), the site must first submit pre-RT planning documents within 3 days of Step 1 registration and receive approval from Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC) before randomizing the patient to Step 2. If this will not be the first patient to receive a specific RT modality, the patient should be immediately randomized to Step 2 on the same day.
• STEP 2 RANDOMIZATION: If patient required review of pre-RT planning, randomization must occur within 14 days of initial registration.
• Patients must have histologically proven, T2-T4a N0M0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder within 120 days prior to randomization and no intervening treatment between the histologic proof and randomization. Patients with mixed urothelial carcinoma will be eligible for the trial, but the presence of small cell carcinoma will make a patient ineligible. Patients with lymph nodes >= 1.0 cm in shortest cross-sectional diameter on imaging (computed tomography [CT]/magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of abdomen and pelvis) must have a biopsy of the enlarged lymph node showing no tumor involvement within 70 days prior to randomization. These patients may be suitable for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy and are eligible for this trial if they seek out a bladder sparing treatment strategy, however patients who have received prior systemic chemotherapy for bladder cancer are not eligible for the trial.
• Patients must undergo a transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) within 70 days prior to randomization. In a situation where a patient is referred from outside to the enrolling institution, patient must have a repeat office cystoscopy by the urologist who will be following the patient on the clinical trial to assess the adequacy of the prior TURBT. This cystoscopy can be performed in urologist office without general anesthesia. Patient may then undergo repeat TURBT if deemed necessary as standard of care by the treating urologist. Patients may have either completely or partially resected tumors as long as the treating urologist attempted maximal resection. Patient must not have T4b disease
• Patients must undergo radiological staging within 70 days prior to randomization. Imaging of chest, abdomen, and pelvis must be performed using CT or MRI. Patients must not have evidence of T4bN1-3 disease. Eligibility is based on the local radiology report.
• Patients with hydronephrosis are eligible if they have unilateral hydronephrosis and kidney function meets criteria specified.
• Patient must be planning to receive one of the protocol specified chemotherapy regimens.
• All adverse events associated with any prior surgery and intravesical therapy must have resolved to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade =< 2 prior to randomization.
• Patients must be >= 18 years of age
• Patient may or may not be radical cystectomy candidates.
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >=1,500/microliter (mcL) (within 28 days prior to randomization).
• Platelets >= 100,000/mcL (within 28 days prior to randomization).
• Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL (within 28 days prior to randomization).
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (IULN) (except patients with Gilbert's syndrome, who must have a total bilirubin < 3.0 mg/dL) (within 28 days prior to randomization).
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) < 2.5 x IULN (within 28 days prior to randomization).
• Patients must have adequate renal function as evidenced by calculated creatinine clearance >= 25 mL/min. The creatinine used to calculate the clearance result must have been obtained within 28 days prior to randomization.
• Patients must have Zubrod performance status =< 2.
• Patients must have a baseline electrocardiography (ECG) performed within 30 days prior to randomization.
• If patient has a known history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), they must meet the following criteria within 28 days prior to randomization.
• Patients with past or resolved hepatitis B infection (defined as having a negative hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] test and a positive anti-HBc [antibody to hepatitis B core antigen] antibody test) are eligible.
• Patients positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody are eligible only if polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is negative for HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA).
• Patients who are known to be positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are eligible only if they have all of the following:
• A stable regimen of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)
• No requirement for concurrent antibiotics or antifungal agents for the prevention of opportunistic infections
• A CD4 count above 250 cells/mcL and an undetectable HIV viral load on standard PCR-based tests within 28 days prior to randomization.
• Female patients of childbearing potential must have a serum pregnancy test prior to randomization. Patients must not be pregnant or nursing due to the potential teratogenic side effects of the protocol treatment. Women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry, for the duration of protocol treatment, and for 5 months (150 days) after the last dose of all study drugs. A woman is considered to be of "reproductive potential" if she has had a menses at any time in the preceding 12 consecutive months.
• Patients must be offered the opportunity to participate in specimen banking for future studies.
• Patients who can complete Patient-Reported Outcome instruments in English or Spanish must agree to complete the EORTC QLQ-C30, the EORTC QLQ-BLM30, the EPIC Bowel Assessment, and the EQ-5D-5L per protocol schedule of assessment.
• As a part of the Oncology Patient Enrollment Network (OPEN) registration process the treating institution's identity is provided in order to ensure that the current (within 365 days) date of institutional review board approval for this study has been entered in the system.
• Patients must not have had urothelial carcinoma or histological variant at any site outside of the urinary bladder within the previous 24 months except Ta/T1/carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the upper urinary tract including renal pelvis and ureter if the patient had undergone complete nephroureterectomy.
• Patients must not have diffuse CIS based on cystoscopy and biopsy.
• Patient must not have received any systemic chemotherapy for their bladder cancer.
• Patient must not have had prior pelvic radiation.
• Patients must not have received prior treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer including neoadjuvant chemotherapy for the current tumor.
• Patients must not have received any systemic therapy (including, but not limited to, interferon alfa-2b, high dose IL-2, pegylated interferon [PEG-IFN], anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1), for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Prior intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), interferon, and intravesical chemotherapy are allowed.
• Patients must not have received any of the following prohibited therapies within 28 days prior to randomization or be planning to receive any of the following prohibited therapies during protocol treatment:
• Anti-cancer systemic chemotherapy or biological therapy not specified in the protocol.
• Immunotherapy not specified in this protocol.
• Systemic or intravesical use of any non-study anti-cancer agent (investigational or non-investigational).
• Investigational agents other than atezolizumab.
• Live vaccines: Examples of live vaccines include, but are not limited to, the following: measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, shingles, yellow fever, rabies, BCG, and typhoid (oral) vaccine. Seasonal influenza vaccines for injection are generally killed virus vaccines and are allowed; however, intranasal influenza vaccines (e.g. Flu-Mist) are live attenuated vaccines, and are not allowed. Prior administration of intravesical BCG is allowed.
• Glucocorticoids for any purpose other than to modulate symptoms from an event of suspected immunologic etiology. The use of physiologic doses of corticosteroids (defined as 10 mg prednisone) are acceptable, however site investigators should consult with the study chair for any dose higher than 10 mg prednisone. Dexamethasone 4 mg IV with chemotherapy to prevent nausea is allowed.
• RANKL infusion: Concurrent denosumab (which binds the cytokine RANKL) for any known indication is prohibited due to interaction with study medication.
• Patients must not have a major surgical procedure within 28 days prior to randomization. If patient had any surgical procedure then they should have recovered to full presurgical performance status and surgical adverse events should have resolved to grade =< 2. TURBT is not considered a major surgical procedure.
• Patients must not have received treatment with systemic immunosuppressive medications (including, but not limited to, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, thalidomide, and anti-tumor necrosis factor [anti-TNF] agents) within 14 days prior to randomization. Exceptions:
• Patients may have received acute, low dose, systemic immunosuppressant medications (e.g., a one-time dose of dexamethasone for nausea).
• The use of inhaled corticosteroids and mineralocorticoids (e.g., fludrocortisone) for patients with orthostatic hypotension or adrenocortical insufficiency is allowed. Physiological doses equivalent of 10 mg prednisone daily are allowed. Short term steroids given as antiemetic therapy, e.g. 4 mg dexamethasone or equivalent once a week, is allowed.
• Patients must not have received a live, attenuated vaccine within 4 weeks prior to randomization or anticipate that such a live, attenuated vaccine will be required while on protocol treatment and up to 5 months after the last dose of protocol treatment.
• Inactivated influenza vaccination should be given during influenza season only (approximately October to March). Patients must not receive live, attenuated influenza vaccine within 4 weeks prior to randomization or while on protocol treatment and up to 5 months after the last dose of protocol treatment.
• Patients must not have undergone prior allogeneic bone marrow transplantation or prior solid organ transplantation.
• Patients must not have clinically significant liver disease that precludes patient from treatment regimens prescribed on the study (including, but not limited to, active viral, alcoholic or other autoimmune hepatitis, cirrhosis or inherited liver disease).
• Patient must not have history of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonitis (including drug induced), organizing pneumonia (i.e., bronchiolitis obliterans, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, etc.), or evidence of active pneumonitis.
• Patients must not have an active infection requiring oral or IV antibiotics within 14 days prior to randomization. Patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., for prevention of a urinary tract infection or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are not eligible. If patient develops urinary tract infection after TURBT they must have recovered from the infection prior to registration.
• Patients must not have active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in past two years (i.e., with use of disease modifying agents, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs). Replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment. Autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, vascular thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Bell's palsy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune thyroid disease, vasculitis, Graves' disease treated with methimazole or glomerulonephritis.
• Patient must not have a history of active tuberculosis.
• No other prior malignancy is allowed except for the following: adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, in situ cervical cancer, adequately treated Stage I or II cancer from which the patient is currently in complete remission, or any other cancer from which the patient has been disease free for two years. Patients with localized prostate cancer who are being followed by an active surveillance program are also eligible.
• Patients must not be known to be allergic to Chinese hamster egg or ovary cell products and must not have any known major allergic reactions to any study drug.

• Metastatic disease defined as new or progressive lesions on cross-sectional imaging or bone scan. Patients must have at least:
• One measurable site of disease as per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version (v) 1.1
• One bone lesion on bone scan (tec99 or sodium fluoride [NaF] PET/CT, CT or MRI) for the bone-only cohort.
• Histologically confirmed diagnosis of one of the following metastatic cohorts:
• Small cell/ neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder- All urothelial carcinomas with any amount of neuroendocrine differentiation (including small cell differentiation) will be included. If the tumor is purely neuroendocrine, metastasis from another site of origin should be clinically excluded
• Adenocarcinoma of the bladder, or urachal adenocarcinoma, or bladder/urethra clear cell adenocarcinoma
•must be pure (per World Health Organization [WHO] definition), (i.e. urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation is not considered a pure adenocarcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
•must be pure (i.e. urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation is not considered a pure squamous cell carcinoma)
• Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma
•Tumor should show predominantly > or equal ~ 50% plasmacytoid histology (including all types of discohesive growth, such as tumors with signet-ring and/or rhabdoid features as well)
• Any penile cancer
• Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma
•Tumor should be predominantly sarcomatoid ~ 50% (including rhabdoid differentiation) is also unclassified renal cell carcinomas (RCCs): all (assuming they are high grade with metastasis) malignant angiomyolipomas are allowed
• Sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma
•Tumor should show predominantly ~ 50% sarcomatoid differentiation
• Renal medullary carcinoma
•Per WHO definition, ideally confirmed with immunostains
• Renal collecting duct carcinoma
•Per WHO definition (medullary involvement, predominant tubular morphology, desmoplastic stromal reaction, high grade cytology, infiltrative growth pattern, and absence of other renal cell carcinoma subtype or urothelial carcinoma)
• Bone only urothelial carcinoma or other non-prostate GU tumor
• Urethra carcinoma- May be of any histology but if urothelial carcinoma then must be isolated to the urethra and not have metachronous or synchronous urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
• Other miscellaneous histologic variants of the urothelial carcinoma, such as, but not limited to : micropapillary (Tumor should show predominantly > or equal 50% micropapillary architecture), giant cell, lipid-rich, clear cell and nested variants (Tumor should predominantly > or equal 50% show these features), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma and mixed patterns will be considered, as well as small cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer (Only treatment-naïve primary small cell of prostate with any amount of small cell component allowed. Post-treatment small cell prostatic carcinomas are not allowed), Malignant testicular Sertoli or Leydig cell tumors, and papillary and chromophobe RCC
• Note: Translocation positive renal cell carcinoma patients are eligible. However, AREN1721 should be considered before this trial
• Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides from diagnostic tumor tissue for retrospective central pathology review
• Patients may have received up to 2 systemic anti-cancer treatments or be treatment naive. Patients with small cell carcinoma should have received a platinum-based combination regimen either as neoadjuvant, adjuvant or first-line treatment). Patients in the bone-only cohort may be urothelial carcinoma histology but must receive standard cisplatin-based chemotherapy (if cisplatin-eligible)
• Age >= 18 years
• Patients must be able to swallow oral formulation of the tablets
• Karnofsky performance status >= 80%
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1,000/mcL
• Platelet count >= 75,000/mcL
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN). For subjects with known Gilbert's disease or similar syndrome with slow conjugation of bilirubin, total bilirubin =< 3.0 mg/dL
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =< 3.0 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (or =< 5 x ULN for patients with liver metastases or Gilbert's disease)
• Creatinine =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) OR creatinine clearance >= 40 mL/min/1.73 m^2 (calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology [CKD-EPI] equation or Cockcroft-Gault formula) for patients with creatinine levels above institutional normal
• Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL (transfusion of packed red blood cells [PRBCs] allowed)
• Serum albumin >= 3.2 g/dL
• Lipase and amylase =< 2.0 x ULN and no radiologic (on baseline anatomical imaging) or clinical evidence of pancreatitis
• Prior treatment with MET or VEGFR inhibitors is allowed. However, prior cabozantinib will not be allowed. Also, patients that have received both prior MET or VEGF and prior PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 (sequentially or in combination) are also not allowed
• Prior treatment with any therapy on the PD-1/PD-L1 axis or anti- CTLA-4/CTLA-4 inhibitors is allowed, either in the perioperative or in the metastatic setting. However, patients that have received both prior MET or VEGF and prior PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 (sequentially or in combination) are not allowed
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients are eligible if on stable dose of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), no clinically significant drug-drug interactions are anticipated with the current HAART regimen, CD4 counts are greater than 350 and viral load is undetectable
• Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatologic arthropathies, Sjogren's syndrome and psoriasis controlled with topical medication only and patients with positive serology, such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-thyroid antibodies etc. are eligible but should be considered for rheumatologic evaluation for the presence of target organ involvement and potential need for systemic treatment
• Patients with vitiligo, endocrine deficiencies including thyroiditis managed with replacement hormones or medications (e.g. thyroiditis managed with propylthiouracil [PTU] or methimazole) including physiologic oral corticosteroids are eligible
• Patients who have evidence of active or acute diverticulitis, intra-abdominal abscess, and gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction, within 12 months are not eligible
• Women of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test =< 7 days prior to registration
• Women of childbearing potential include women who have experienced menarche and who have not undergone successful surgical sterilization (hysterectomy, bilateral tubal ligation, or bilateral oophorectomy) or are not postmenopausal. Post menopause is defined as amenorrhea >= 12 consecutive months. Note: women who have been amenorrheic for 12 or more months are still considered to be of childbearing potential if the amenorrhea is possibly due to prior chemotherapy, antiestrogens, ovarian suppression or any other reversible reason
• Pregnant women may not participate in this study because with cabozantinib, nivolumab, and ipilimumab have potential for teratogenic or abortifacient effects. Because there is an unknown but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with cabozantinib, nivolumab, and ipilimumab, breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is treated with these agents
• The patient has received no cytotoxic chemotherapy (including investigational cytotoxic chemotherapy) or biologic agents (e.g., cytokines or antibodies) within 2 weeks before the first dose of study treatment
• The patient has received no radiation therapy:
• To the lungs and mediastinum or abdomen within 4 weeks before the first dose of study treatment, or has ongoing complications, or is healing from prior radiation therapy
• To brain metastasis within 3 weeks for whole-brain radiotherapy (WBXRT), and 2 weeks for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) before the first dose of study treatment
• To the abdomen within 4 weeks before the first dose of study treatment, or has ongoing complications, or is healing from prior radiation therapy
• To any other site(s) within 2 weeks before the first dose of study treatment
• The patient has received no radionuclide treatment within 6 weeks of the first dose of study treatment
• The patient has received no prior treatment with a small molecule kinase inhibitor within 14 days or five half-lives of the compound or active metabolites, whichever is longer, before the first dose of study treatment
• The patient has received no prior treatment with hormonal therapy within 14 days or five half-lives of the compound or active metabolites, whichever is longer, before the first dose of study treatment. Subjects receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and antagonists are allowed to participate
• The patient has not received any other type of investigational agent within 14 days before the first dose of study treatment
• The patient must have recovered to baseline or Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) =< grade 1 from toxicity due to all prior therapies except alopecia, neuropathy and other non-clinically significant adverse events (AEs) defined as lab elevation with no associated symptoms or sequelae
• The patient may not have active brain metastases or epidural disease. Patients with brain metastases previously treated with whole brain radiation or radiosurgery who are asymptomatic and do not require steroid treatment for at least 2 weeks before starting study treatment are eligible. Neurosurgical resection of brain metastases or brain biopsy is permitted if completed at least 3 months before starting study treatment. Baseline brain imaging with contrast-enhanced CT or MRI scans for subjects with known brain metastases is required to confirm eligibility
• No concomitant treatment with warfarin. Aspirin (up to 325 mg/day), thrombin or factor Xa inhibitors, low-dose warfarin (=< 1 mg/day), prophylactic and therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) are permitted
• No chronic concomitant treatment with strong CYP3A4 inducers (e.g., dexamethasone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampin, rifabutin, rifapentine, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort) or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors
• Because the lists of these agents are constantly changing, it is important to regularly consult medical reference texts such as the Physicians' Desk Reference may also provide this information. As part of the enrollment/informed consent procedures, the patient will be counseled on the risk of interactions with other agents, and what to do if new medications need to be prescribed or if the patient is considering a new over-the-counter medicine or herbal product
• The patient has not experienced any of the following:
• Clinically-significant gastrointestinal bleeding within 6 months before the first dose of study treatment
• Hemoptysis of >= 0.5 teaspoon (2.5 mL) of red blood per day within 1 months before the first dose of study treatment
• Any other signs indicative of pulmonary hemorrhage within 3 months before the first dose of study treatment
• The patient has no tumor invading any major blood vessels
• The patient has no evidence of tumor invading the GI tract (esophagus, stomach, small or large bowel, rectum or anus), or any evidence of endotracheal or endobronchial tumor within 28 days before the first dose of cabozantinib. Patients with rectal tumor masses are not eligible
• The patient has no uncontrolled, significant intercurrent or recent illness including, but not limited to, the following conditions:
• Cardiovascular disorders including:
• Congestive heart failure (CHF): New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III (moderate) or class IV (severe) at the time of screening.
• Concurrent uncontrolled hypertension defined as sustained blood pressure (BP) > 150 mm Hg systolic, or > 90 mm Hg diastolic despite optimal antihypertensive treatment within 7 days of the first dose of study treatment
• The subject has a corrected QT interval calculated by the Fridericia formula (QTcF) > 500 ms within 28 days before randomization. Note: if initial QTcF is found to be > 500 ms, two additional electrocardiograms (EKGs) separated by at least 3 minutes should be performed. If the average of these three consecutive results for QTcF is =< 500 ms, the subject meets eligibility in this regard
• Any history of congenital long QT syndrome
• Any of the following within 6 months before registration of study treatment:
• Unstable angina pectoris
• Clinically-significant cardiac arrhythmias (patients with atrial fibrillation are eligible)
• Stroke (including transient ischemic attack [TIA], or other ischemic event)
• Myocardial infarction
• Cardiomyopathy
• No significant gastrointestinal disorders particularly those associated with a high risk of perforation or fistula formation including:
• Any of the following that have not resolved within 28 days before the first dose of study treatment:
• Active peptic ulcer disease
• Acute diverticulitis, cholecystitis, symptomatic cholangitis or appendicitis, or malabsorption syndrome
• None of the following within 2 years before the first dose of study treatment:
• Abdominal fistula or genitourinary fistula
• Gastrointestinal perforation
• Bowel obstruction or gastric outlet obstruction
• Intra-abdominal abscess. Note: Complete resolution of an intra-abdominal abscess must be confirmed prior to initiating treatment with cabozantinib even if the abscess occurred more than 2 years before the first dose of study treatment
• Disorders associated with a high risk of fistula formation including percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement are not eligible
• No other clinically significant disorders such as:
• Severe active infection requiring IV systemic treatment within 14 days before the first dose of study treatment
• Serious non-healing wound/ulcer/bone fracture within 28 days before the first dose of study treatment
• History of organ or allogeneic stem cell transplant
• Concurrent uncompensated hypothyroidism or thyroid dysfunction within 7 days before the first dose of study treatment (for asymptomatic patients with an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], thyroid replacement may be initiated if clinically indicated without delaying the start of study treatment)
• No history of major surgery as follows:
• Major surgery within 3 months of the first dose of cabozantinib; however, if there were no wound healing complications, patients with rapidly growing aggressive cancers, may start as soon as 6 weeks if wound has completely healed post-surgery
• Minor surgery within 1 month of the first dose of cabozantinib if there were no wound healing complications or within 3 months of the first dose of cabozantinib if there were wound complications excluding core biopsies and mediport placement
• Complete wound healing from prior surgery must be confirmed before the first dose of cabozantinib irrespective of the time from surgery
• No history of severe hypersensitivity reaction to any monoclonal antibody
• No evidence of active malignancy, requiring systemic treatment within 2 years of registration
• No history of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to cabozantinib, nivolumab, ipilimumab or other agents used in study
• No positive test for hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBV sAg) or hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid (HCV antibody) indicating acute or chronic infection. If HBV sAG is positive, subsequent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) must be negative
• No patients with active autoimmune disease or history of autoimmune disease that might recur, which may affect vital organ function or require immune suppressive treatment including systemic corticosteroids. These include, but are not limited to patients with a history of immune related neurologic disease, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune (demyelinating) neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis; systemic autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), connective tissue diseases, scleroderma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, hepatitis; and patients with a history of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or phospholipid syndrome should be excluded because of the risk of recurrence or exacerbation of disease

Key In order to be eligible to participate in any phase of this study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria: 1. Provision of written informed consent. 2. Age ≥ 18 years or the minimum legal adult age (whichever is greater) at the time of informed consent. 3. Adequate hematologic and organ function as defined by the following criteria: 1. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.5 × 10^9/L; excluding measurements obtained within 7 days after daily administration of filgrastim/sargramostim or within 3 weeks after administration of pegfilgrastim. 2. Platelet count ≥ 100 × 10^9/L; excluding measurements obtained within 3 days after transfusion of platelets. 3. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤ 3 × upper limit of normal (ULN). If liver function abnormalities are due to underlying liver metastases, AST and ALT ≤ 5 x ULN. 4. Total serum bilirubin ≤ 1.5 × ULN or ≤ 3 × ULN in the case of Gilbert's disease. 5. Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 x ULN or creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≥ 60 mL/min. 4. Female subjects of childbearing potential must have a negative serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin test. 5. Male subjects and female subjects of childbearing potential must agree to use an effective method of contraception per institutional standard prior to the first dose and for 90 days after the last dose of ZN-c3. Individuals must meet the additional criteria in order to be eligible to participate in Phase 1: 1. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤ 2. 2. Measurable or evaluable disease per RECIST version 1.1. Individuals must meet these additional criteria in order to be eligible to participate in Phase 2 Single Agent part of the study: 1. ECOG performance status ≤ 1. 2. Measurable disease per RECIST version 1.1. Individuals must meet these additional criteria in order to be eligible to participate in Phase 2 combination with a PARP inhibitor: 1. ECOG performance status ≤ 1. 2. Measurable disease per RECIST version 1.1. Individuals must meet these additional criteria in order to be eligible to participate in Phase 2 combination with a PD-1 inhibitor: 1. ECOG performance status ≤ 1. 2. Measurable disease per RECIST version 1.1. Key 1. Any of the following treatment interventions within the specified time frame prior to Cycle 1 Day 1: 1. Major surgery within 28 days. 2. Radiation therapy within 21 days. 3. Any prior systemic therapy regardless of the stop date, but the subject must have recovered to eligibility levels from prior toxicity. 4. Autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplant within 3 months. 5. Current use of an investigational agent that is not expected to be cleared by the first dosing of study drug or that has demonstrated to have prolonged side effects. Subjects should have recovered from the side effects to a Grade 0 or 1 (except alopecia). 2. A serious illness or medical condition(s) including, but not limited to, the following: 1. Brain metastases that require immediate treatment or are clinically or radiologically unstable. 2. Leptomeningeal disease that requires or is anticipated to require immediate treatment. 3. Myocardial impairment of any cause resulting in heart failure by New York Heart Association Criteria Class III or IV. 4. Other severe acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition or laboratory abnormality that may increase the risk associated with study participation or study drug administration, or may interfere with the interpretation of study results, and in the judgment of the Investigator would make the subject inappropriate for entry into this study. 5. Significant gastrointestinal abnormalities 6. Active or uncontrolled infection. 3. Unresolved toxicity of Grade > 1 attributed to any prior therapies (excluding Grade 2 neuropathy, alopecia or skin pigmentation). 4. Prior therapy with ZN-c3 or known hypersensitivity to any drugs similar to ZN-c3 in class. 5. Subjects with active (uncontrolled, metastatic) second malignancies or requiring therapy.