Key
• Male or female ≥18 years of age at Visit 1
• Documentation of a CF diagnosis
• Enrolled in the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation National Patient Registry (CFFNPR) prior to Visit 1 (US sites only)
• At the time of Visit 1, there is a plan to initiate IV antibiotics for a pulmonary exacerbation
• Performed spirometry at Visit 1 and Visit 2 and willing to perform spirometry at Visit 3
• Completed the CRISS questionnaire at Visit 1 and Visit 2 and willing to complete the Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Symptoms Diary (CFRSD) questionnaire at Visit 3
• Willing to adhere to a specific treatment duration determined by initial response to treatment and subsequent randomization
• Willing to return for follow up Visit 3
• Written informed consent obtained from the subject or subject's legal representative Key Exclusion Criteria
• Previous randomization in this study
• Treatment with IV antibiotics in the 6 weeks prior to Visit 1
• Admission to the intensive care unit for current pulmonary exacerbation in the two weeks prior to Visit 2, unless admission was due to a desensitization protocol
• Pneumothorax in the two weeks prior to Visit 2
• Primary diagnosis for current hospitalization is unrelated to worsening lower respiratory symptoms (e.g., pulmonary clean out, distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS), sinusitis)
• Massive hemoptysis defined as > 250 cc in a 24 hour period or 100 cc/day over 4 consecutive days occurring in the two weeks prior to Visit 2
• Current pulmonary exacerbation thought to be due to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
• At Visit 1, receiving ongoing treatment with a duration of more than 2 weeks with prednisone equivalent to >10mg/day
• History of solid organ transplantation
• Receiving antimicrobial therapy to treat non-tuberculous mycobacterium (e.g., M. abscessus, M. avium complex) in the two weeks prior to Visit 2

• Completed study drug treatment in a parent study; or had study drug interruption(s) in a parent study but completed study visits up to the last scheduled visit of the Treatment Period in the parent study.
• History of drug intolerance in a parent study that would pose an additional risk to the subject in the opinion of the investigator.
• Current participation in an investigational drug trial (other than a parent study) Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply.

• 18-90 years old
• Scheduled for a thoracic surgery that requires single lung ventilation
• Willing and able to consent in English or Spanish
• Age less than 18 or older than 90
• Patient does not speak English or Spanish
• Patient refusal
• Pregnant or nursing women
• Known or suspected difficult airway
• Contraindication for left sided double lumen tube (e.g, L bronchial mass)

Key
• Subjects will be 1 to less than 2 years of age on Day 1 of the relevant part of the study.
• Homozygous for F508del (F/F). Key
• Any clinically significant laboratory abnormalities at the Screening Visit that would interfere with the study assessments or pose an undue risk for the subject.
• Solid organ or hematological transplantation. Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply.

Key For Phase 1
• Patients with a locally advanced or metastatic solid tumor who:
• have progressed on or are intolerant to standard therapy, or
• no standard therapy exists, or in the opinion of the Investigator, are not candidates for or would be unlikely to tolerate or derive significant clinical benefit from standard therapy, or
• decline standard therapy
• Prior MKIs with anti-RET activity are allowed.
• A RET gene alteration is not required initially. Once adequate PK exposure is achieved, evidence of RET gene alteration in tumor and/or blood is required as identified through molecular assays, as performed for clinical evaluation.
• Measurable or non-measurable disease as determined by RECIST 1.1 or RANO as appropriate to tumor type.
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score of 0, 1, or 2 or Lansky Performance Score (LPS) ≥ 40% (age < 16 years) with no sudden deterioration 2 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment.
• Adequate hematologic, hepatic and renal function.
• Life expectancy of at least 3 months. For Phase 2 As for phase 1 with the following modifications:
• For Cohorts 1 and 3 Subjects must have received prior standard therapy appropriate for their tumor type and stage of disease, or in the opinion of the Investigator, would be unlikely to tolerate or derive clinical benefit from appropriate standard of care therapy.
• Cohorts 1-4: enrollment will be restricted to patients with evidence of a RET gene alteration in tumor. However, a positive germline DNA test for a RET gene mutation is acceptable in the absence of tumor tissue testing for patients with MTC.
• Cohorts 1-4: at least one measurable lesion as defined by RECIST 1.1 or RANO, as appropriate to tumor type and not previously irradiated.
• Cohort 4: radiographic PD within the previous 14 months. Note: Patients otherwise eligible for cohort 4 who do not demonstrate radiographic PD within the previous 14 months may be enrolled to cohort 5 if a compelling rationale is provided by the investigator and approved by the Sponsor.
• Cohort 5: (up to 150 patients):
• Cohorts 1-4 without measurable disease;
• MTC not meeting the requirements for Cohorts 3 or 4; (a known RET mutation is not required)
• MTC syndrome spectrum cancers (e.g., MTC, pheochromocytoma), cancers with neuroendocrine features/differentiation, or poorly differentiated thyroid cancers with other RET alteration/activation may be allowed with prior Sponsor approval;
• cfDNA positive for a RET gene alteration not known to be present in a tumor sample.
• Cohort 6: Patients who otherwise are eligible for Cohorts 1-5 who discontinued another RET inhibitor due to intolerance may be eligible with prior Sponsor approval. Key Exclusion Criteria (Phase 1 and Phase 2):
• Phase 2 Cohorts 1-4: an additional known oncogenic driver.
• Cohorts 1-5: prior treatment with a selective RET inhibitor Notes: Patients otherwise eligible for Cohorts 1-5 who discontinued another selective RET inhibitor may be eligible for Phase 2 Cohort 6 with prior Sponsor approval. Notes: Patients otherwise eligible for Cohorts 1-5 who discontinued another selective RET inhibitor may be eligible for Phase 2 Cohort 6 with prior Sponsor approval. Notes: Patients otherwise eligible for Cohorts 1-5 who discontinued another selective RET inhibitor may be eligible for Phase 2 Cohort 6 with prior Sponsor approval.
•Investigational agent or anticancer therapy (including chemotherapy, biologic therapy, immunotherapy, anticancer Chinese medicine or other anticancer herbal remedy) within 5 half-lives or 2 weeks (whichever is shorter) prior to planned start of LOXO-292. In addition, no concurrent investigational anti-cancer therapy is permitted. Note: Potential exception for this exclusion criterion will require a valid scientific justification and approval from the Sponsor.
• Major surgery (excluding placement of vascular access) within 4 weeks prior to planned start of LOXO-292.
• Radiotherapy with a limited field of radiation for palliation within 1 week of planned start of LOXO-292, with the exception of patients receiving radiation to more than 30% of the bone marrow or with a wide field of radiation, which must be completed at least 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment.
• Any unresolved toxicities from prior therapy greater than CTCAE Grade 1 at the time of starting study treatment with the exception of alopecia and Grade 2, prior platinum-therapy related neuropathy.
• Symptomatic primary CNS tumor, metastases, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, or untreated spinal cord compression. Patients are eligible if neurological symptoms and CNS imaging are stable and steroid dose is stable for 14 days prior to the first dose of LOXO-292 and no CNS surgery or radiation has been performed for 28 days, 14 days if stereotactic radiosurgery [SRS].
• Clinically significant active cardiovascular disease or history of myocardial infarction within 6 months prior to planned start of LOXO-292 or prolongation of the QT interval corrected (QTcF) > 470 msec.
• Required treatment with certain strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers and certain prohibited concomitant medications.

• Male and female cystic fibrosis patients
• Must be greater than or equal to 18 years of age.
• All subjects must understand and sign the informed consent.
• Subjects must have the ability to read and write in English.
• Female subjects starting this study must be willing to use a double barrier method of birth control (such as condom or diaphragm) used with a spermicide (a substance that kills sperm), while participating in the study. Exclusion Criteria for Main Study:
• Women who are pregnant, breast feeding, or who have had an oophorectomy.
• Women who have received a hormone contraceptive injection (such as Depo Provera) within the last 3 months. Exclusion Criteria for Substudy:
• Men
• Women who have a history of breast cancer, abnormal vaginal bleeding, liver disease, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus with vascular disease, or have had a stroke, heart attack, or blood clot within the past year, due to a possible reaction to Loestrin.
• Women who currently smoke cigarettes, due to the increased risk of serious cardiovascular events with Loestrin use.

1. ≥ 12 years of age at the time Informed Consent/ Assent is signed. 2. Weight ≥ 40 kg. 3. FEV1 ≥ 40% predicted and < 100% predicted in the last 12 months. 4. Physician-initiated treatment with an IV antibiotic 2 or 3 times in the last 12 months for a new PEx or physician-initiated treatment with an IV antibiotic 1 time in the last 12 months plus physician-initiated treatment with oral antibiotic(s) 1 or more times in the past 12 months for a new PEX. 1. Severe or unstable CF at screening or Visit 1. 2. Any of the following values for laboratory tests at screening: 1. A positive pregnancy test. 2. Hemoglobin < 10 g/dL in males and < 9 g/dL in females. 3. Neutrophils < 1.0 x 10^9 /L. 4. Platelets < 75 x 10^9/L. 5. Creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min according to Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation. 6. Serum transaminases > 2.5 x upper limit of normal. 3. Any medical condition or concurrent medical therapies at screening or Visit 1 that may put the subject at greater safety risk, influence response to study drug or interfere with study assessments.

1. Signed Informed Consent 2. Diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis by high resolution CT scan performed in the 6 months prior to screening associated with one of the following conditions and confirmed using guidelines, as per American Thoracic Society (ATS) / European Respiratory Society (ERS) / Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) / Latin American Thoracic Association (ALAT): Major IIPs (idiopathic interstitial pneumonias) diagnosis or suspected as one of the following:
• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
• Respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease
• Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
• Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
• Acute interstitial pneumonia
• Rare IIPs diagnosis by one of the following:
• Idiopathic lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
• Idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis
• Unclassifiable idiopathic interstitial pneumonias Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis Occupational lung disease 3. At least 50% of the subjects will have confirmed intermediate or high probability of pulmonary hypertension as determined by echocardiography according to the 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension. 4. Have been using oxygen therapy by nasal cannula for at least 4 weeks prior to the screening run-in period. 5. 6MWD ≥ 100 meters and ≤ 450 meters prior to randomization 6. WHO Functional Class II-IV 7. Forced Vital Capacity ≥ 40% predicted within last 6 months prior to screening the screening run-in period. 8. For at least 1 week prior to Baseline/Randomization, subjects must demonstrate the ability to consistently use the device greater than 12 hrs/day in the opinion of the Investigator. 9. Female subjects of childbearing potential must have a negative pre-treatment pregnancy test (serum or urine). All female subjects should take adequate precaution to avoid pregnancy. 10. Subjects must have completed at least 1 week of activity monitoring prior to the Baseline/Randomization visit. 11. Age between 18 and 85 years (inclusive) 12. Subject should be clinically stable for at least 4 weeks prior to Baseline/Randomization in the opinion of the Principal Investigator. 1. Demonstrate symptomatic rebound defined as significant cardiopulmonary instability, such as systemic arterial oxygen desaturation, hypoxemia, bradycardia, tachycardia, systemic hypotension, shortness of breath, near-syncope, and syncope, occurring within 1 hour of acute iNO during rebound testing 2. Episodes of disease worsening within 1 month prior to Baseline/Randomization 3. Use of any PAH-specific medications regardless of reason for use 4. Acute or chronic physical impairment (other than dyspnea due to PF) that would limit the ability to comply with study procedures or adherence to therapy (i.e., 6MWT), including carrying and wearing the pulsed delivery device per study protocol, or medical problem(s) likely to preclude completion of the study 5. Pregnant or breastfeeding females at Screening 6. Administered L-arginine within 1 month prior to Screening 7. The concurrent use of the INOpulse device with a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), Bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP), or any other positive pressure device. 8. Use of investigational drugs or devices within 1 month prior to Screening (other than acute vasodilator testing with iNO) 9. Any underlying medical or psychiatric condition that, in the opinion of the Investigator, makes the subject an unsuitable candidate for the study including unable to complete 6MWT. 10. Any subject who has been enrolled in any previous clinical study with inhaled NO administered through pulse delivery 11. In the last 6 months prior to screening, evidence of any connective tissue disease with FVC > 60% unless there is evidence of moderate to severe fibrosis on CT scan in the opinion of the Investigator 12. Evidence of clinically significant Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema (CPFE) if > 15% of lung fields by CT scan show evidence of emphysema in the opinion of the Investigator

• signed informed consent by patient prior to study enrollment
• 18 years of age or older
• If female of childbearing potential, a negative pregnancy test at the Baseline Visit and agrees to practice adequate birth control throughout the duration of the study. If the patient is postmenopausal or has documented surgical sterilization, a pregnancy test and birth control is not necessary.
• The patient has been diagnosed with PAH belonging to the following subgroups of the updated Nice Clinical Classification Group 1 (Simonneau, Gatzoulis et al. 2013), which include: 1. Idiopathic PAH (1.1), or 2. Heritable PAH (1.2), or 3. Drug and toxin induced PAH (1.3), or 4. PAH associated with connective tissue disease (1.4.1), HIV infection (1.4.2), or congenital heart disease (1.4.4) with simple systemic-to-pulmonary shunt at least 1 year after surgical repair
• The patient has been diagnosed with PAH and is NYHA Functional Class II
•IV at Screening. 1. has documented stable doses of approved inhaled therapy for at least 3 months prior to screening and is willing and able to transition from their prescribed dose of inhaled therapy to study drug, or 2. has documented stable doses of no more than two approved oral therapies for at least 3 months prior to screening and is willing and able to add LIQ861 to their treatment regimen.
• The patient can complete a baseline six-minute walk distance (6MWD) ≥ 150 m.
• The patient has had evidence of FEV1 ≥ 60% and FEV1/FVC ratio ≥ 60% during the 6-month period prior to enrollment.
• The patient's clinical condition is such that, in the opinion of the Investigator, they are not expected to remain clinically stable for the duration of the study.
• Patients with PH in the Updated Nice Classification Groups 2-5, or PAH Group 1 subgroups not covered by the inclusion criteria (e.g., associated with portal hypertension [1.4.3] or with schistosomiasis [1.4.5]).
• The patient is currently taking oral prostacyclin analogues or agonists, including treprostinil and selexipag.
• The patient has had any PAH medication (except for anticoagulants) discontinued within 14 days of Baseline.
• The patient has had a new type of chronic therapy (including but not limited to oxygen, a different class of vasodilator, diuretic, digoxin, and digitalis) for pulmonary hypertension added within 30 days of Baseline.
• The patient has uncontrolled systemic hypertension as evidenced by persistent systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure greater than 100 mmHg.
• The patient has a history of hemodynamically significant left-sided heart disease including, but not limited to: aortic or mitral valve disease, pericardial constriction, restrictive or congestive cardiomyopathy, or coronary artery disease (CAD).
• The patient has had an atrial septostomy.
• The patient has any serious or life-threatening disease other than conditions associated with PAH (e.g. malignancy requiring aggressive chemotherapy, end stage renal disease, etc.).
• The patient is taking any excluded medications listed in the Investigator's Brochure, namely inhibitors and inducers of CYP2C8
• The patient has a hypersensitivity or allergy to any of the ingredients of LIQ861 or other clinically relevant allergies (clinical relevance per Investigator judgment).
• The patient has had a pulmonary infarction (defined as infarction in more than one lung segment documented by V/Q scan or pulmonary angiography) within two weeks of Screening.
• The patient has had a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) within six months of Screening.
• The patient has evidence of an active uncontrolled sepsis or systemic infection during Screening.
• The patient is pregnant or lactating.
• The patient has any musculoskeletal disease or any other disease that would limit ambulation.
• The patient has participated in an investigational product or device study within the 30 days prior to Screening.
• The patient has current evidence of drug abuse in the opinion of the Investigator.
• The patient has severe hepatic impairment as evidenced by any history of ascites AND encephalopathy.
• The patient has severe renal impairment (eGFR < 35).
• The patient is taking inhaled treprostinil doses of greater than 90 μg (more than 15 breaths). Additional Exclusion Criteria for PK Sub-Study:
• The patient meets any of Primary Exclusion Criteria #1
•19.
• The patient has moderate or severe renal impairment (eGFR < 60).
• The patient is taking inhaled treprostinil doses of greater than 72 μg (more than 12 breaths).

• Histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of Stage IV non-squamous NSCLC.
• Documentation of tumor activating EGFR mutation, specifically either DEL19 or L858R.
• Investigator-determined radiographic disease progression per RECIST 1.1 after treatment with an EGFR TKI therapy: a) Participants previously treated with 1st or 2nd generation EGFR TKI (e.g. erlotinib/afatinib/gefitinib) are required to have confirmed documented absence of EGFR T790M mutation; b) Participants with confirmed acquired T790M mutation after 1st or 2nd generation EGFR TKI (e.g. erlotinib/afatinib/gefitinib) are required to have osimertinib TKI treatment failure prior to enrollment; c) Participants previously failed osimertinib TKI treatment as 1st line therapy are eligible regardless of their EGFR T790M mutation status. Note: TKI washout period for all participants is 1 week or 2 half-lives after last treatment dose, whichever is longer. TKI washout should be completed prior to first dose of study treatment.
• Measurable disease per RECIST 1.1 as assessed by the local site investigator/radiology.
• Provided archival tumor tissue sample or newly obtained (no anti-neoplastic therapy since biopsy) core or excisional biopsy of a tumor lesion not previously irradiated.
• Life expectancy of at least 3 months.
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1 within 7 days prior to the first dose of study treatment but before randomization.
• Male participants must agree to use contraception during the treatment period and for at least 120 days after the last dose of pembrolizumab and up to 180 days after last dose of chemotherapeutic agents.
• Female participants must not be pregnant, not breastfeeding, and must agree to use contraception during the treatment period and for at least 120 days after the last dose of pembrolizumab and up to 180 days after the last dose of chemotherapeutic agents.
• Adequate organ function.
• Predominantly squamous cell histology NSCLC. Mixed tumors will be categorized by the predominant cell type; if small cell elements are present, the participant is ineligible.
• Symptomatic ascites or pleural effusion. A participant who is clinically stable following treatment for these conditions (including therapeutic thoraco- or paracentesis) is eligible.
• Received prior therapy with an anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (anti-PD-1), anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), or anti-PD-L2 agent or with an agent directed to another stimulatory or co-inhibitory T-cell receptor (e.g. cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 [CTLA-4], OX-40, CD137).
• Received prior systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy or investigational agent(s), excluding EGFR TKIs, for metastatic NSCLC. [Notes: 1) Prior treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiation as part of neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy is allowed as long as therapy was completed at least 6 months prior to the diagnosis of metastatic NSCLC. 2) If participant received major surgery, they must have recovered adequately from the toxicity and/or complications from the intervention prior to starting study treatment. 3) Prior exposure to traditional medicine(s) is allowed as long as therapy was discontinued at least 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment.]
• Received prior radiotherapy within 2 weeks of start of study treatment or has received lung radiation therapy of >30 Gray (Gy) within 6 months before the first dose of study treatment. Participants must have recovered from all radiation-related toxicities, not require corticosteroids, and not have had radiation pneumonitis. A 1-week washout is permitted for palliative radiation (≤2 weeks of radiotherapy) to non-central nervous system (CNS) disease.
• Received a live vaccine within 30 days prior to the first dose of study treatment.
• Currently participating in or has participated in a study of an investigational agent or has used an investigational device within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment.
• Diagnosis of immunodeficiency or is receiving chronic systemic steroid therapy (in dosing exceeding 10 mg daily of prednisone equivalent) or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 7 days prior the first dose of study treatment.
• Known additional malignancy that is progressing or has required active treatment within the past 5 years. (Note: Participants with basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, superficial bladder cancer, or carcinoma in situ (e.g. breast carcinoma, cervical cancer in situ) that have undergone potentially curative therapy are not excluded.)
• Known active untreated CNS metastases and/or carcinomatous meningitis.
• Severe hypersensitivity (≥ Grade 3) to pembrolizumab and/or any of its excipients.
• Known sensitivity to any component of cisplatin, carboplatin, or pemetrexed.
• Active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in past 2 years.
• History of (non-infectious) pneumonitis that required steroids or has current pneumonitis.
• Active infection requiring systemic therapy.
• Known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
• Known history of Hepatitis B or known active Hepatitis C virus.
• Known history of active tuberculosis (TB; Bacillus tuberculosis)
• Pregnant, breastfeeding or expecting to conceive or father children within the projected duration of the study, starting with the screening visit through 120 days after the last dose of pembrolizumab and up to 180 days after the last dose of chemotherapeutic agents.

1. Cystic fibrosis, based on 2 clinical features consistent with CF, plus initial diagnostic sweat chloride ≥ 60 mmol/L 2. Under stable dose of porcine PERT 3. A fair or better nutritional status 4. Fecal elastase <100 µg/g 5. Standard-of-care medications including CFTR modulators are allowed 1. History or diagnosis of fibrosing colonopathy 2. Any chronic diarrheal illness unrelated to pancreatic insufficiency 3. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level ≥5 ×upper limit of normal (ULN), or total bilirubin level ≥1.5 ×ULN at the Screening visit 4. Feeding via an enteral tube during 6 months before screening 5. Forced expiratory volume ≤30% at the Screening visit

Key
• Must have 1 of the following 9 CFTR mutations on at least 1 allele: G551D, G178R, S549N, S549R, G551S, G1244E, S1251N, S1255P, or G1349D
• On ivacaftor therapy
• FEV1 value ≥40% and ≤100% of predicted mean for age, sex, and height Key
• History of clinically significant cirrhosis with or without portal hypertension
• History of solid organ or hematological transplantation
• Lung infection with organisms associated with a more rapid decline in pulmonary status Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply

Eligibility criteria: Infants are eligible if they meet all of the following criteria:
• ≥ 36 0/7 weeks PMA by best obstetric estimate AND birth weight of ≥ 2000g
• postnatal age ≤7 days (168 hours of age)
• invasive mechanical ventilation (defined as ventilation with an endotracheal tube) and
• one arterial blood gas with an OI ≥ 10 (after tracheal tube obstruction and other easily resolvable mechanical causes for increased OI are ruled out) on the most recent arterial blood gas within 12 hours prior to the time of randomization.
• if an arterial blood gas is not available at the time of randomization, a preductal OSI of ≥ 5 can be used as an inclusion criterion instead of OI ≥ 10; (the OSI should be based on the most recent preductal pulse oximetry recording and must be within 12 hours of randomization)
• postnatal blood gas with PCO2 ≤ 80 mmHg (arterial, capillary or venous blood gas) on the most recent blood gas sample obtained within 12 hours prior to randomization Note: Criteria (iv) to (vi) must be met at the most recent analysis within 12 hours prior to randomization. Infants are ineligible if they meet any of the following criteria:
• known hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Note 1: infants of diabetic mothers with asymmetric septal hypertrophy can be included as long as there is no evidence of obstruction to left ventricular outflow tract on echocardiogram,
• Note 2: infants with other acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) and CDH may be included in the study and will be a predetermined subgroup for analysis)
• cyanotic CHD
•transposition of great arteries (TGA), total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), truncus arteriosus (TA), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), single ventricle physiology
•hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), tricuspid atresia, critical pulmonic stenosis or atresia etc.,
• enrolled in conflicting clinical trials (such as a randomized controlled blinded trial of another pulmonary vasodilator therapy); Note: mothers enrolled in fetal tracheal occlusion studies such as FETO may be enrolled if permitted by investigators of the fetal tracheal occlusion study; [FETO refers to fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion and involves occlusion of fetal trachea with a balloon device at mid-gestation and subsequent removal in later gestation]
• infants with bilateral CDH o Note 3: infants with anterior and central defects are included in the study
• associated abnormalities of the trachea or esophagus (trachea-esophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, laryngeal web, tracheal agenesis)
• renal dysfunction (with serum creatinine > 2 mg/dL not due to maternal factors) or severe oligohydramnios associated with renal dysfunction at randomization; renal dysfunction may be secondary to renal anomalies or medical conditions such as acute tubular necrosis
• severe systemic hypotension (mean blood pressure < 35 mm Hg for at least 2 h with a vasoactive inotrope score of > 30)
• decision is made to provide comfort/ palliative care and not full treatment
• Intracranial bleed (including the following findings on the cranial ultrasound)
• Cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage
• Blood/echodensity in the ventricle with distension of the ventricle
• Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction
• Posterior fossa hemorrhage
• Cerebellar hemorrhage
• persistent thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 80,000/mm3) despite blood product administration on the most recent blood draw prior to randomization
• coagulopathy (PT INR > 1.7) despite blood product administration on the most recent blood draw (if checked
•there is no reason to check PT for the purpose of this study)
• aneuploidy associated with short life span (such as trisomy 13 or 18) will not be included in the study (infants with trisomy 21 can be included in the study)
• elevated arterial, venous or capillary PCO2 > 80 mmHg in spite of maximal ventilator support (including high frequency ventilation) on the most recent blood gas obtained within 12 hours prior to randomization
• use of milrinone infusion prior to randomization (the use of other inhaled pulmonary vasodilators such as iNO, inhaled epoprosternol, inhaled PGE1 and oral such as endothelin receptor antagonists is permitted
•Note: it is unlikely to be on oral pulmonary vasodilators early in the course of CDH)
• ongoing therapy with parenteral (intravenous or subcutaneous) pulmonary vasodilators such as IV/SQ prostacyclin analogs (Epoprostenol
•Flolan or Treprostinil
•Remodulin or PGE1
•Alprostadil) or IV phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (sildenafil
•Revatio) at the time of randomization. In addition, initiation of therapy with these two classes of parenteral medications during the first 24 hours of study drug initiation is not permitted and will be considered a protocol deviation. The risk of systemic hypotension is high during the first 24 hours of study-drug (milrinone) infusion and hence parenteral administration of other pulmonary vasodilators is avoided to minimize risk of hypotension.
• Subjects already on ECMO or patients who are being actively considered for ECMO by the neonatal or surgical team
• attending (neonatal, critical care or surgical) refusal for participation in the trial (including concern about presence of hemodynamic instability)

• Subjects of all races and ethnic origins over 18 years of age will be recruited.
• Patients must have suspicious or known to be malignant solitary pulmonary nodule,5cm or less in size.
• Patients with a contraindication to MRI examinations will be excluded from this study. Contraindications to MRI examinations include:
• Medically unstable
• Heart failure
• Unstable angina
• Child bearing
• Lactating
• Not a surgical candidate
• Any contraindication per MRI Screening Form (Appendix A attached). This is the same form used in clinical practice at UT Southwestern.
• Titanium implants, pacemakers
• Poorly controlled diabetes
• Body weight greater than 300 pounds
• Claustrophobic
• Since each patient is receiving a gadolinium based contrast agent intravenously:
• eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73m2
• Sickle cell disease
• Hemolytic anemia

• Age > 18 years.
• ECOG performance status (PS) 0, 1, or 2.
• Radiographic findings consistent with non-small cell lung cancer, including lesions with ground glass opacities with a solid component of 50% or greater. Those with ground glass opacities and <50% solid component will be excluded.
• Biopsy confirmed non-small cell lung cancer.
• Tumor ≤ 4 cm maximum diameter, including clinical stage IA and selected IB by PET/CT scan of the chest and upper abdomen performed within 60 days prior to registration.
• All clinically suspicious mediastinal N1, N2, or N3 lymph nodes (> 1 cm short-axis dimension on CT scan and/or positive on PET scan) confirmed negative for involvement with NSCLC by one of the following methods: mediastinoscopy, anterior mediastinotomy EUS/EBUS guided needle aspiration, CT-guided, video-assisted thoracoscopic or open lymph node biopsy.
• Tumor verified by a thoracic surgeon to be in a location that will permit sublobar resection.
• Tumor located peripherally within the lung. NOTE: Peripheral is defined as not touching any surface within 2 cm of the proximal bronchial tree in all directions. See below. Patients with non-peripheral (central) tumors are NOT eligible.
• No evidence of distant metastases.
• Availability of pulmonary function tests (PFTs
•spirometry, DLCO, +/- arterial blood gases) within 90 days prior to registration. Patients with tracheotomy, etc, who are physically unable to perform PFTs (and therefore cannot be tested for the Major criteria in 3.1.10 below) are potentially still eligible if a study credentialed thoracic surgeon documents that the patient's health characteristics would otherwise have been acceptable for eligibility as a high risk but nonetheless operable patient (in particular be eligible for sublobar resection).
• Patient at high-risk for surgery by meeting a minimum of one major criteria or two minor criteria
• No prior intra-thoracic radiation therapy. NOTE: Previous radiotherapy as part of treatment for head and neck, breast, or other non-thoracic cancer is permitted so long as possible radiation fields would not overlap. Previous chemotherapy or surgical resection specifically for the lung cancer being treated on this protocol is NOT permitted. No prior lung resection on the ipsilateral side.
• Non-pregnant and non-lactating. Women of child-bearing potential must have a negative urine or serum pregnancy test within 60 days prior to registration. Peri-menopausal women must be amenorrheic > 12 months prior to registration to be considered not of childbearing potential.
• No prior invasive malignancy, unless disease-free for ≥ 3 years prior to registration (exceptions: non-melanoma skin cancer, in-situ cancers).
• Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent.
• evidence of distant metastases
• prior intra-thoracic radiation therapy. NOTE: Previous radiotherapy as part of treatment for head and neck, breast, or other non-thoracic cancer is permitted so long as possible radiation fields would not overlap. Previous chemotherapy or surgical resection specifically for the lung cancer being treated on this protocol is NOT permitted. No prior lung resection on the ipsilateral side.
• pregnant and lactating women
• prior invasive malignancy, unless disease-free for ≥ 3 years prior to registration (exceptions: non-melanoma skin cancer, in-situ cancers).

• Patients are eligible under ONE of the following criteria:
• For all cohorts except the gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) (Cohort #47), patients must have histologically and/or biochemically confirmed rare cancer and must be able to submit specimens. To be eligible for the GTD cohort: patients must have disease confirmed by quantitative serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) within 28 days prior to registration and must be able to submit blood specimens (tissue submission is not required for patients who will be registered to the GTD cohort [Cohort #47]); NOTE: Subsequent to site's Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval of revision 3, patients are NOT required to participate in EAY131 "National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice (MATCH)" to register to S1609 OR
• FOR PATIENTS WITH PD-L1 AMPLIFICATION ONLY: All solid tumors (excluding lymphoma) are allowed for the PD-L1 amplified cohort if they have PD-L1 amplification; PD-L1 amplification is defined as having deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) copy number of equal to or greater than six by any of the following Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA)-approved next generation sequencing (NGS) tests: Foundation Medicine, Caris, MSK Impact, MD Anderson, Tempus, or Neogenomics; (fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH] is not allowed); the assay must be done at or after the diagnosis of advanced disease, but PRIOR TO REGISTRATION OR
• FOR PATIENTS ENROLLED IN EAY131 "NCI-MATCH" PRIOR TO EAY131 ADDENDUM 10 ONLY: Patients must have histologically confirmed rare cancer that did not have a match to a molecularly-guided therapy on EAY131 "NCI-MATCH" protocol or who are off protocol treatment on EAY131, "NCI-MATCH" and have no further molecularly-matched treatment recommendations per EAY131, "NCI-MATCH" or who are otherwise unable to receive EAY131, "NCI-MATCH" therapy
• Patients who do not qualify for one of the histologic cohorts and are not on the ineligible histology list may be considered for registration in the "Not Otherwise Categorized" Rare Tumors cohort with confirmation of at least one of the study chairs via email
• NOTE: The "Not Otherwise Categorized" Rare Tumors cohort was permanently closed to accrual on 3/15/2019
• Patients who are determined to have a rare cancer with unknown primary site are eligible under cohort #32 (tumor of unknown primary [cancer of unknown primary; CuP]), provided that there is histologic documentation of metastatic malignancy with no discernible primary site identified from histopathologic review, physical exam and associated cross-sectional imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
• NOTE: The "Tumor of unknown primary (Cancer of Unknown Primary; CuP" cohort was permanently closed to accrual on 12/22/2017
• Patients must also meet one of the following:
• Patients must have progressed following at least one line of standard systemic therapy and there must not be other approved/standard therapy available that has been shown to prolong overall survival (i.e. in a randomized trial against another standard treatment or by comparison to historical controls); patients who cannot receive other standard therapy that has been shown to prolonged survival due to medical issues will be eligible, if other eligibility criteria are met; OR
• Patients for whose disease no standard treatment exists that has been shown to prolong overall survival
• For all cohorts except the GTD cohort (Cohort #47): Patients must have a diagnostic quality computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), performed within 28 days prior to registration, which demonstrates measurable disease, as defined in RECIST v. 1.1; scans must include imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, with the exception of patients with head/neck cancer, who must have imaging of the chest, abdomen, pelvis and neck; if there is clinical suspicion for bone metastases at the time of enrollment (in the judgement of the treating investigator) bone scan should be performed; bone scans done within 42 days prior to registration may be used to establish baseline condition at registration
• No other prior malignancy is allowed except for the following:
• Adequately managed stage I or II cancer from which the patient is currently in complete remission
• Any other cancer from which the patient has been disease free for one year
• Adequately managed stage I or II follicular thyroid or prostate cancer is also eligible, wherein patient is not required to be in complete remission
• Note: Second primary tumors are not allowed concurrent with any of the eligible rare cancers
• For all cohorts except the PD-L1 amplified tumors cohort (Cohort # 50): Patients may have received either prior anti-CTLA4 or other prior anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy, but not both, provided that it is completed >= 4 weeks prior to registration. To be eligible for the PD-L1 amplified tumors cohort (Cohort #50): Patients must not have received anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy; prior anti-CTLA-4 is allowed provided that it is completed >= 4 weeks prior to registration
• Patients who had prior grade 3 or higher immune-related adverse event (e.g. pneumonitis, hepatitis, colitis, endocrinopathy) with prior immunotherapy (e.g. cancer vaccine, cytokine, etc.) are not eligible
• Patients with clinically controlled thyroiditis or pituitary disorders on stable replacement therapy are eligible
• Patients are not eligible if they have had or are planned for solid organ transplant
• Patients with autoimmune disease who are otherwise eligible must not have received steroid and immunosuppressive therapy within 28 days prior to registration
• Patients with brain metastases or primary brain tumors must have completed treatment, surgery or radiation therapy >= 28 days prior to registration and have stable disease at time of registration; these patients must also have a CT or MRI of the brain to evaluate for CNS disease within 42 days prior to registration to S1609; metastatic brain parenchymal disease must have been treated and patient must be off steroids for 7 days prior to registration
• Patients must not currently be receiving any other investigational agents or any other systemic anti-cancer therapy (including radiation, excluding RANKL inhibitors and bisphosphonates); in event patient recently received any other systemic anti-cancer therapy, patient must be off therapy at least 7 days prior to registration and any therapy-induced toxicity must have recovered to =< grade 1, except alopecia and =< grade 2 neuropathy which are allowed; any planned radiation therapy must be completed before registration to S1609
• Patients must not have prior history of allergy or known hypersensitivity to nivolumab or ipilimumab
• Hormonal or endocrine blockade is permitted as long as patient has demonstrated progression on prior therapy (e.g. gonadotrophin releasing hormone [GnRH], somatostatin); long-acting somatostatin analogs (including octreotide) and androgen deprivation treatment (including long-acting leuprolide) are permitted while on protocol therapy
• Patients must have a Zubrod performance status of 0-2
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1,000/mcL (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Platelets >= 75,000/mcL (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dL (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Total bilirubin =< 2.0 x institutional upper limit of normal (IULN) or for documented/suspected Gilbert's disease, total bilirubin =< 3.0 x IULN (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) both =< 3 x IULN (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Serum creatinine =< 2.0 x IULN (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Creatinine clearance (CrCl) >= 50 mL/min., as estimated by the Cockcroft and Gault formula; estimated creatinine clearance is based on actual body weight (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Patients must have adequate thyroid function, as evidenced by either thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or, free thyroxine (T4) serum tests demonstrating values within the normal range, within 28 days prior to registration; Note: TSH, with reflex T4 is allowable if per institutional standard; patients who have undergone thyroidectomy or who are on thyroid suppression for their cancer are not required to have normal TSH and free T4
• Patients must have adequate adrenal axis function, as evidenced by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) values within the institutional normal ranges OR cortisol levels within institutional normal ranges (ante meridiem [AM] cortisol preferred), within 28 days prior to registration; Note: ACTH and cortisol levels are not required for patients with primary adrenal tumors (e.g. adrenocortical carcinoma)
• For women of childbearing potential, the local investigator must rule out pregnancy; Except for Cohorts 13 and 47, where tumor types may express beta-hCG, women of childbearing potential must have a serum or urine pregnancy test within 7 days prior to registration; for Cohorts 13 and 47, where tumor types may produce hCG (e.g. germ cell tumors or trophoblastic disease), other pregnancy exclusion methods should be used to rule out pregnancy, such as ultrasound examination, documented history of effective contraception, or documented infertility; all females of childbearing potential must have been demonstrated not to be pregnant within 7 days prior to registration and agree to use birth control throughout study and for 23 weeks after completion of protocol therapy; patients must not be pregnant or nursing due to risk of fetal or nursing infant harm; women of childbearing potential must have agreed to use an effective contraceptive method; a woman is considered to be of "childbearing potential" if she has had menses at any time in the preceding 12 consecutive months; in addition to routine contraceptive methods, "effective contraception" also includes heterosexual celibacy and surgery intended to prevent pregnancy (or with a side-effect of pregnancy prevention) defined as a hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy or bilateral tubal ligation; however, if at any point a previously celibate patient chooses to become heterosexually active during the time period for use of contraceptive measures outlined in the protocol, she is responsible for beginning contraceptive measures
• Men of reproductive potential must have agreed to use birth control throughout the study and for 31 weeks after completion of protocol therapy; in addition to routine contraceptive methods, "effective contraception" also includes heterosexual celibacy and surgery intended to prevent pregnancy (vasectomy); however, if at any point a previously celibate patient chooses to become heterosexually active during the time period for use of contraceptive measures outlined in the protocol, he is responsible for beginning contraceptive measures
• Patients must not have known active hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis virus (HCV) infection at time of registration; patients with HBV or HCV that have an undetectable viral load, or in the opinion of the treating investigator is well-controlled, are eligible
• Patients who are known to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive at registration are eligible at the time of registration:
• CD4+ cell count greater or equal to 250 cells/mm^3
• No history of non-malignancy acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining conditions other than historical low CD4+ cell counts
• Patients must not have active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in past 2 years (i.e., with use of disease modifying agents, immunosuppressive drugs, or corticosteroids with doses higher than prednisone 10 mg or equivalent); replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment; autoimmune diseases include but are not limited to autoimmune hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease (including ulcerative colitis and Chron's disease), as well as symptomatic disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, systemic progressive sclerosis [scleroderma], systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune vasculitis [e.g., Wegener's Granulomatosis]); CNS or motor neuropathy considered of autoimmune origin (e.g., Guillain-Barre syndrome and myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis or glomerulonephritis); vitiligo, alopecia, hypothyroidism on stable doses of thyroid replacement therapy, psoriasis not requiring systemic therapy within the past 2 years is permitted; short-term steroid premedication for contrast allergy is permitted
• Patients must not have any uncontrolled intercurrent illness including (not limited to): symptomatic congestive heart failure (CHF) (New York Heart Association [NYHA] III/IV), unstable angina pectoris or coronary angioplasty, or stenting within 24 weeks prior to registration, unstable cardiac arrhythmia (ongoing cardiac dysrhythmias of NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] version [v] 4 grade >= 2), known psychiatric illness that would limit study compliance, intra-cardiac defibrillators, known cardiac metastases, or abnormal cardiac valve morphology (>= grade 3)
• Note: Patients with history of CHF or patients who are deemed at risk because of underlying cardiovascular disease or exposure to cardiotoxic drugs should have an electrocardiogram (EKG) and echocardiogram (ECHO), as clinically indicated, at baseline and at the start of each cycle; patients who have evidence at baseline (or subsequently) of CHF, myocardial infarction (MI), cardiomyopathy, or myositis cardiac evaluation (NYHA I/II) should have additional consult by a cardiologist, including review of EKG, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), troponin, echocardiogram, as clinically indicated
• Patients must have amylase or lipase within =< 1.5 x IULN without symptoms of pancreatitis at registration, within 28 days prior to registration
• Patients must not have symptomatic interstitial lung disease or pneumonitis
• Patients must have fully recovered from any adverse effects of major surgery (to =< grade 1) at least 14 days prior to registration

1. Documentation of Disease 1. Histologically or cytologically documented small cell lung cancer (SCLC) 2. Limited-stage disease patients with disease restricted to one hemithorax with regional lymph node metastases, including ipsilateral hilar, ipsilateral and contralateral mediastinal, and ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph nodes
• Patients with disease involvement of the contralateral hilar or supraclavicular lymph nodes are not eligible
• Patients with pleural effusions that are visible on plain chest radiographs, whether cytologically positive or not are not eligible unless they have a negative thoracentesis
• Patients with cytologically positive pleural or pericardial fluid, regardless of the appearance on plain x-ray are not eligible 2. Measurable disease
•Patients must have measurable disease, which includes lesions that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded) as ≥ 2 cm with conventional techniques OR ≥ 1 cm by spiral CT scan 3. Prior Treatment 1. Patients may have received one and only one cycle of chemotherapy prior to enrolling on CALGB 30610, which must have included carboplatin or cisplatin and etoposide. 2. If a patient has had one cycle of cisplatin or carboplatin/etoposide prior to registration, the patient must have had all of it prior to registration tests as outlined in the protocol and prior to starting their first cycle of chemotherapy. 3. Additionally, these patients also must have met all of the eligibility criteria in the protocol prior to receiving the first cycle of chemotherapy. 4. Registration to CALGB 30610 must take place within 14-21 days after the start of the non-protocol therapy. 5. Failing to do all of the above will make the patient NOT eligible for CALGB 30610. 6. No prior radiotherapy or chemotherapy (except for the chemotherapy described in the bullet above) for SCLC 7. No prior mediastinal or thoracic radiotherapy 8. Patients with complete surgical resection of disease are not eligible 4. Age Requirement ≥ 18 years of age 5. ECOG Performance Status 0-2 6. Non-pregnant and non-nursing
•No patients that are known to be pregnant or nursing 7. Required Initial Laboratory Values 1. Granulocytes ≥ 1,500/µl 2. Platelet count ≥ 100,000/µl 3. Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN) 4. AST (SGOT) ≤ 2.0 times ULN 5. Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 times ULN OR Calculated creatinine clearance ≥ 70 mL/min

• Patients must have undergone complete surgical resection of their stage IB (>= 4 cm), II or IIIA NSCLC according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition and have had negative surgical margins
• Baseline chest computed tomography (CT) must be performed within 1 month (30 days) of randomization to ensure no evidence of disease; if clinically indicated, additional imaging studies must be performed to rule out metastatic disease
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-1
• Patients must be registered to the ALCHEMIST-SCREEN (ALLIANCE A151216) trial prior to randomization
• Non-squamous tumors must not be positive for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R mutation (centrally as part of the ALCHEMIST-SCREEN protocol) and anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) rearrangement (centrally as part of ALCHEMIST-SCREEN and/or locally)
• NOTE: if the results of the central EGFR testing are negative, but the ALK testing was not able to be completed by the ALCHEMIST central lab, the ALK status will be considered negative (unless locally positive for ALK rearrangement) and the patient may be considered for enrollment onto EA5142, once PD-L1 results are received and all other eligibility requirements are met
• Tumors must have PD-L1 status tested centrally as part of the ALCHEMIST-SCREEN protocol
• Women must not be pregnant or breast-feeding due to unknown and potentially harmful effects of nivolumab on the developing fetus or child
• All females of childbearing potential must have a blood test or urine study within 2 weeks prior to registration to rule out pregnancy; a female of childbearing potential is any woman, regardless of sexual orientation or whether they have undergone tubal ligation, who meets the following criteria: 1) has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; or 2) has not been naturally postmenopausal for at least 24 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 24 consecutive months)
• Women of childbearing potential and sexually active males must be strongly advised to use an accepted and effective method of contraception or to abstain from sexual intercourse during the treatment period and for 31 weeks after the last nivolumab infusion
• Patients must NOT have uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, serious ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situation that would limit compliance with study requirements
• No prior treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-programmed cell death [PD]-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 [CTLA4] monoclonal antibody)
• Patients must have adequately recovered from surgery and any administered chemotherapy/radiotherapy at the time of randomization (NOTE: adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation is not required)
• Minimum time between date of surgery and randomization is 4 weeks (28 days)
• Maximum time allowed between surgery and randomization:
• 3 months (90 days) if no chemotherapy is administered
• 8 months (240 days) if adjuvant chemotherapy was administered
• 10 months (300 days) if adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy was administered
• Patients must have completed and recovered from any adjuvant chemotherapy 2 or more weeks prior to randomization (6 weeks for mitomycin and nitrosoureas; 4 weeks for post-operative radiation therapy) (NOTE: adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation is not required)
• Serum aspartate transaminase (aspartate aminotransferase [AST]) and serum alanine transaminase (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) =< 2.5 x upper limit normal (within 2 weeks prior to randomization)
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) (except in subjects with Gilbert syndrome who must have a total bilirubin < 3.0 x ULN) (within 2 weeks prior to randomization)
• White blood cell (WBC) >= 2000/uL (within 2 weeks prior to randomization)
• Neutrophils >= 1000/uL (within 2 weeks prior to randomization)
• Platelets >= 100 x 10^3/uL (within 2 weeks prior to randomization)
• Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dL (within 2 weeks prior to randomization)
• Serum creatinine =< 2 x ULN (within 2 weeks prior to randomization)
• Prior to randomization patients with any non-hematologic toxicity from surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy must have recovered to grade =< 1 with the exception of alopecia, ototoxicity and neuropathy
• Patients must not be receiving any other investigational anti-cancer agents while on study
• Patients must not have known or suspected autoimmune disease; subjects with type I diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism requiring hormone replacement, or skin disorders not requiring systemic treatment are permitted to enroll
• Patients must not have a condition requiring systemic corticosteroids equivalent to > 10 mg prednisone per day or other immunosuppressive medications within 2 weeks of randomization; inhaled, intra-articular, and epidural steroids are permissible
• Patients must not have known interstitial lung disease that is symptomatic or may interfere with the detection or management of suspected drug-related pulmonary toxicity
• Patients must not have a known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, or hepatitis C infection that is untreated and/or with a detectable viral load
• Patients must not have a history of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to nivolumab

• Male or Female, age 18 years or older;
• Requires IVC filter for prevention of pulmonary embolism (PE);
• Provide written informed consent and written HIPAA authorization prior to initiation of study procedures;
• Willing to comply with the specified follow-up
• Subject is unable to participate in study evaluations pre- and post-treatment
• Known sensitivity to contrast or serious contrast reaction such as anaphylaxis for which premedication is known to be unsuccessful in alleviating symptoms

1. Cytologically or histologically and radiologically confirmed solid tumor that is inoperable, locally advanced, metastatic, or recurrent:
• Dose-Escalation Stage:
• Subjects with UC (including renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra) after prior platinum-based therapy, or
• Subjects with RCC (clear cell, non-clear cell histology) with or without prior systemic anticancer therapy
• Expansion Stage:
• Inoperable locally advanced or metastatic solid tumor (UC, RCC, CRPC, NSCLC, TNBC, OC, EC, HCC, GC/GEJC, CRC, H&N cancer, and DTC as outlined above) 2. Measurable disease per RECIST 1.1 as determined by the investigator. 3. Tumor tissue material available (archival or recent tumor biopsy) 4. Recovery to baseline or ≤ Grade 1 CTCAE v4 from toxicities related to any prior treatments, unless AE(s) are clinically nonsignificant and/or stable on supportive therapy. 5. Age eighteen years or older on the day of consent. 6. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status of 0 or 1. 7. Adequate organ and marrow function. 8. Sexually active fertile subjects and their partners must agree to use medically accepted methods of contraception. 9. Female subjects of childbearing potential must not be pregnant at screening. 1. Prior treatment with cabozantinib or immune checkpoint inhibitors including anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-PD-L2 therapy except in Expansion Cohorts 5, 7,19 and 20. Other restrictions regarding prior therapy may apply. 2. Known brain metastases or cranial epidural disease unless adequately treated and stable for at least 4 weeks before first dose of study treatment. 3. Concomitant anticoagulation with oral anticoagulants. 4. Subject is receiving systemic steroid therapy or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 2 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment. 5. Administration of a live, attenuated vaccine within 30 days before first dose of study treatment. 6. The subject has uncontrolled, significant intercurrent or recent illness, including, but not limited to, an active or history of autoimmune disease or immune deficiency; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, organizing pneumonia, pneumonitis; active infection requiring systemic treatment, infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), AIDS-related illness, acute or chronic hepatitis B or C infection, positive test for tuberculosis, moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C). 7. Pregnant or lactating females. 8. Previously identified allergy or hypersensitivity to components of the study treatment formulations. 9. Diagnosis of another malignancy within 2 years before first dose of study treatment.

Participant(s) who meet all of the following criteria are eligible for enrollment. Participant(s) may be reassessed if not initially eligible. Participants are eligible if they:
• Have a primary place of residence in one of the pre-selected recruitment census tracts as outlined in the Inner City Asthma Consortium (ICAC) Manual of Procedures (MOP);
• Have a diagnosis of asthma made by a clinician >1 year prior to recruitment;
• Have had at least 2 asthma exacerbations in the prior year, defined as a requirement for systemic corticosteroids and/or hospitalization;
• Have the following requirement for asthma controller medication at the Screening and Enrollment Visit (Visit 0) according to the MEDS program[4, 2]:
• For participants aged 6 to 11 years, treatment with at least fluticasone 250 mcg 1 puff twice daily or its equivalent;
• For participants ages12 years and older, treatment with at least Advair 250/50 mcg 1 puff twice daily or its equivalent.
• Have peripheral blood eosinophils >=150 per mm^3. Results can be obtained from participation in a previous ICAC study if obtained within 6 months of the Screening and Enrollment Visit (Visit 0);
• Currently a non-smoker;
• Parent/legal guardian is willing to sign the written informed consent;
• Participant is willing to sign the assent form as per central Institutional Review Board (IRB) guidelines;
• Has some form of insurance that covers costs of usual care asthma control and rescue medications at the Screening and Enrollment Visit (Visit 0). Participant(s) who meet any of the following criteria are not eligible for enrollment but may be reassessed. Participant(s) are ineligible if they:
• Are currently pregnant or lactating;
• Are currently receiving treatment with anti-immunoglobulin E (anti-IgE) therapy or have had anti-IgE therapy in the previous 3 months prior to screening;
• Are currently receiving immunotherapy;
• Have clinically significant abnormalities on complete blood count (CBC) with differential as determined by the site study clinician. Results can be obtained from participation in a previous ICAC study [including Registry for Asthma Characterization and Recruitment 2 (RACR2), NCT02513264} if obtained within the last 6 months of Visit 0;
• Was treated with systemic corticosteroids for any medical condition including an asthma exacerbation within the 2 weeks prior to Visit 0;
• Have had a cold in the previous 7 days;
• Are currently participating in an asthma-related pharmaceutical study or intervention study or has participated in another asthma-related pharmaceutical study or intervention study in the previous 4 weeks prior to recruitment;
• Are currently requiring greater than fluticasone 500 mcg bid plus long-acting beta agonist (LABA) 1 puff twice daily or its equivalent and\or individuals using oral corticosteroids daily or every other day at Visit 0. Participants who meet any of the following criteria are not eligible for enrollment and may not be reassessed. Participants are ineligible if they:
• Have any medical illnesses that in the opinion of the investigators would a.) increase the risk the participant would incur by participating in the study, b.) interfere with the measured outcomes of the study, or c.) interfere with the performance of the study procedures. Examples of such diseases are: phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, Type 1 diabetes, hemophilia, Von Willebrands disease, sickle cell disease, cerebral palsy, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, parasite infections, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
• Have concurrent medical problems that would require systemic corticosteroids (other than for treatment of an asthma exacerbation) or other immunomodulators during the study;
• Currently have diagnosed cancer, are currently being investigated for possible cancer, or have a history of cancer;
• Have plans to move from the area during the study period;
• Do not primarily speak English (or Spanish at clinical sites with Spanish speaking staff);
• Have a primary caretaker who does not speak English (or Spanish at clinical sites with Spanish-speaking staff; not applicable if participant is able to provide consent);
• Are a foster child;
• Will not allow the study clinician to manage their disease for the duration of the study or are not willing to change their asthma medications to follow the protocol;
• Are not able to perform pulmonary function tests;
• Have known hypersensitivity to any of the medications that will be used for the treatment of asthma;
• Have had a life-threatening asthma exacerbation in the last 2 years requiring intubation, mechanical ventilation, or resulting in a hypoxic seizure.

• Locally advanced or metastatic non small cell lung cancer that has been cytologically or histologically confirmed
• Anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement based on FDA approved test (e.g., Vysius break apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using Ventana)
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status greater than or equal to 2
• Age 18 years or older
• Previous treatment with one second generation ALK inhibitor (e.g., ceritinib or alectinib) other than brigatinib
• Brain lesions may be used as target lesions if progressing, are greater than or equal to 10mm in longest diameter and if they were not previously treated with any of the following: whole brain radiation therapy within 3 months; Stereotactic radiosurgery; surgical resection
• Availability of core biopsy of progressive lesion taken within 60 days prior to D1 of treatment under study therapy or willing to undergo tumor biopsy: NOTE:. All subjects must consent to provide tumor blocks or slides. If archival tissue is not available and biopsies to obtain fresh tumor tissue cannot be performed with minimal risk to the subject, subjects may be permitted to enroll on the study with prior approval of the Study PI.
• Recovered from toxicities related to prior anticancer treatment to greater than or equal to grade 2 or baseline with the exception of alopecia
• Have normal QT interval on ECG evaluation QT corrected Fridericia (QTcF) of ≤ 450 ms in males or ≤ 470 ms in females
• Adequate organ function
• At least 1 measurable lesion per RECIST version 1.1
• Negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days of day 1 of treatment in women of childbearing potential
• If fertile, willing to use highly effective form of contraception during the dosing period and for at least 4 months after the dosing period
• Ability to provide signed informed consent and willing and able to comply with all study requirements
• History or the presence of pulmonary interstitial disease, drug-related pneumonitis, or radiation pneumonitis
• Prior treatment with brigatinib
• History of or active significant gastrointestinal bleeding within 3 months
• Malabsorption syndrome or other gastrointestinal illness that could affect oral absorption of the study drug
• Received cytotoxic chemotherapy, investigational agents or radiation within 7 days prior to day 1 of study treatment
• Received prior ALK TKI therapy within 7 days prior to day 1 of treatment under study drug. 7 day wash out period is required after prior ALK inhibitor treatment
• Have significant, uncontrolled, or active cardiovascular disease
• Have been diagnosed with another primary malignancy within the past 3 years (except for adequately treated non-melanoma skin cancer, cervical cancer in situ, or prostate cancer, which are allowed within 3 years)
• Have symptomatic central nervous system (CNS) metastases that are neurologically unstable or require an increasing dose of corticosteroids
• Have active infection requiring intravenous antibiotics
• Pregnant or breastfeeding
• Have any condition or illness that, in the opinion of the investigator would compromise patient safety or interfere with evaluation of the study drug

• Pathologically confirmed metastatic breast cancer
• Known estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 status of either primary tumor or metastasis
• ≤ 4 metastases seen on standard imaging within 60 days prior to registration when all metastatic disease is located within the following sites:
• peripheral lung
• osseous (bone)
• spine
• central lung
• abdominal-pelvic(lymph node/adrenal gland)
• liver
• mediastinal/cervical lymph node
• All known disease amenable to metastasis-directed therapy with either SBRT or resection
• NOTE: Symptomatic bone metastasis are allowed if ablative therapy can be delivered
• NOTE: Sites for possible surgical excision include lung, liver, adrenal gland, bone, small intestine, large intestine, ovary, and amenable nodal disease sites
• NOTE: Surgical stabilization is allowed for a metastasis if it is followed by conventionally fractionated external beam radiotherapy
• Maximum diameter of individual metastasis in any dimension ≤ 5 cm
• There are no restrictions on distance between the metastases
• Patients must be registered within 365 days of the initial metastatic breast cancer diagnosis. First-line standard systemic therapy (chemotherapy, anti-endocrine therapy, anti-HER2 or other standard targeted therapy) for metastatic breast cancer must be given or planned to be given. If given before study entry, it cannot have exceeded a duration of 12 months at the time of registration. (Note: Sequencing of ablative therapy (surgery or SBRT) relative to systemic therapy, for patients randomized to Arm 2, is at the discretion of the treating physician.)
• The primary tumor site must be controlled prior to registration
• For those who present with synchronous primary and oligometastatic disease: Primary must be controlled prior to registration. The definition of control is definitive surgery by excision or mastectomy (+/- radiotherapy) per institution preference
• For those who present with local recurrence and oligometastatic disease, local recurrence must be controlled prior to registration The definition of control is definitive surgery by excision or mastectomy (+/- radiotherapy) per institution preference
• Appropriate stage for study entry based on the following diagnostic workup:
• History/physical examination within 60 days prior to registration
• Clinical grade computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis with radionuclide bone scan OR whole body positron emission tomography (PET)/CT within 60 days prior to study registration
• Zubrod performance status ≤ 2 within 60 days prior to registration
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 500 cells/mm^3
• Platelets ≥ 50,000 cells/mm^3
• Hemoglobin ≥ 8.0 g/dl (note: the use of transfusion or other intervention to achieve hemoglobin [Hgb] ≥ 8.0 g/dl is acceptable)
• For females of child-bearing potential, negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 14 days prior to study registration
• Pathologic evidence of local/regional breast tumor recurrence at the time of registration
• Co-existing or prior invasive malignancy (except non-melanomatous skin cancer), unless disease free for a minimum of 3 years; previous RT dose, date, fraction size, must be reported
• Metastases with indistinct borders making targeting not feasible
• NOTE: A potential issue with bone metastases is that they often are not discrete. Since many patients on this protocol will have bone metastases, this will be an important issue. Theoretically, Houndsfield units might provide an appropriate measure; however, a sclerotic lesion against dense cortical bone will not have a sharp demarcation based on Houndsfield units (HU). Therefore, we acknowledge that such determinations will pose a challenge and thus the physician's judgment will be required
• Prior palliative radiation treatment for metastatic disease (including radiopharmaceuticals)
• Metastases located within 3 cm of the previously irradiated structures:
• Spinal cord previously irradiated to > 40 Gy (delivered in ≤ 3 Gy/fraction)
• Brachial plexus previously irradiated to > 50 Gy (delivered in ≤ 3 Gy/fraction)
• Small intestine, large intestine, or stomach previously irradiated to > 45 Gy (delivered in ≤ 3 Gy/fraction)
• Brainstem previously irradiated to > 50 Gy (delivered in ≤ 3 Gy/fraction)
• Whole lung previously irradiated with prior V20Gy > 30% (delivered in ≤ 3 Gy/fraction)
• Primary tumor irradiated with SBRT
• Metastasis irradiated with SBRT
• Brain metastases
• Exudative, bloody, or cytological proven malignant effusions
• Severe, active co-morbidity defined as follows:
• Unstable angina and/or congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization within the last 6 months
• Transmural myocardial infarction within the last 6 months
• Acute bacterial or fungal infection requiring intravenous antibiotics at the time of registration
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation or other respiratory illness requiring hospitalization or precluding study therapy at the time of registration
• Pregnancy; lactating females must cease expression of milk prior to signing consent to be eligible
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive with cluster of differentiation (CD)4 count < 200 cells/microliter; note that patients who are HIV positive are eligible, provided they are under treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and have a CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/microliter within 30 days prior to registration; note also that HIV testing is not required for eligibility for this protocol

• Patient Eligibility Criteria
• Diagnosed with advanced non-small cell lung cancer being treated with non-curative intent, and informed of advanced disease within the prior twelve weeks
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status from 0 (asymptomatic) to 3 (symptomatic and in bed >50% of the day)
• The ability to read and respond to questions in English or Spanish
• Receiving primary cancer care at one of the participating sites
• Age > or = 18 years
• Lives in a state where their institutions' palliative care clinicians are licensed to practice
• Caregiver Eligibility Criteria
• Relative or friend who is identified by the patient participant and lives with the patient or has contact with them at least twice per week.
• The ability to read and respond to questions in English or Spanish
• Age > or = 18 years
• Patient Exclusion Criteria
• Already receiving outpatient PC or hospice services
• Cognitive or psychiatric conditions as determined by the treating oncologist to prohibit study consent or participation
• Caregiver Exclusion Criteria --Cognitive or psychiatric conditions as determined by the treating oncologist to prohibit study consent or participation

• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of 0 or 1.
• Life expectancy >3 months assessed during Screening.
• Documented (histologically- or cytologically-proven) solid tumor malignancy that is locally advanced or metastatic, and that is refractory to standard therapy or for which no standard therapy is available or accessible.
• If female and of childbearing potential: a negative pregnancy test.
• Male or female: either not of childbearing potential or agreeing to use a medically effective method of contraception as per institutional standards during the trial and for 4 months after the last dose of trial drug.
• Part 1 ONLY: Tumor documented to be KRAS WT by local assessment.
• Part 2 ONLY:
• Measurable disease according to RECIST v1.1 that has been confirmed by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 4 weeks prior to Cycle 1/Day 1 (C1/D1).
• Basket Cohort ONLY:
• Tumor documented to be KRAS WT by local assessment according to institutional standards. If KRAS WT is not previously documented and if archival tissue is not available for pretrial assessment, patient must be willing to undergo a tumor biopsy to confirm eligibility.
• Confirmed MET-amplification by local assessment.
• No prior therapy with MET-targeting agents (except a subset of patients having received prior therapy with a MET-targeting TKI).
• Willingness to undergo a pre- and post-dosing biopsy (maximum of 2 biopsies) from primary or metastatic tumor site(s) considered safely accessible for biopsy
• NSCLC MET-Amplified Cohort ONLY:
• Documented NSCLC meeting disease criteria as defined per protocol.
• Documented MET-amplification.
• May have received prior therapy with MET-targeting and/or EGFR-targeting agents (antibodies or TKIs).
• Willingness to undergo a pre-dosing biopsy (mandatory unless a recent tumor biopsy is available), and potentially a biopsy at the End of Cycle 2 (EOC2) (optional), from a primary or metastatic tumor site considered safely accessible for biopsy.
• NSCLC METex14del Cohort ONLY:
• Documented NSCLC meeting disease criteria as defined per protocol.
• Documented METex14del (tumors need not be MET-amplified).
• May have received prior therapy with MET-targeting and/or EGFR-targeting agents (antibodies or TKIs).
• Willingness to undergo a pre-dosing biopsy (mandatory unless a recent tumor biopsy is available), and potentially a biopsy at the EOC2 (optional), from a primary or metastatic tumor site considered safely accessible for biopsy.
• Any antineoplastic agent for the primary malignancy (standard or investigational) without delayed toxicity within 4 weeks or 5 plasma half-lives, whichever is shortest, prior to C1/D1, except nitrosoureas and mitomycin C within 6 weeks prior to C1/D1.
• Immunosuppressive or systemic hormonal therapy within 2 weeks prior to C1/D1, with exceptions.
• Use of hematopoietic growth factors within 2 weeks prior to C1/D1.
• Active second malignancy or history of another malignancy within the last 3 years, with exceptions.
• Central nervous system (CNS) malignancy including primary malignancies of the CNS and known, untreated CNS or leptomeningeal metastases, or spinal cord compression; patients with any of these not controlled by prior surgery or radiotherapy, or symptoms suggesting CNS involvement for which treatment is required.
• Inadequate recovery from an acute toxicity associated with any prior antineoplastic therapy.
• Major surgical procedure within 4 weeks prior to C1/D1 or inadequate recovery from any prior surgical procedure.
• Active thrombosis, or a history of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, within 1 month prior to C1/D1, unless adequately treated and stable.
• Active uncontrolled bleeding or a known bleeding diathesis.
• Significant cardiovascular disease or condition.
• Abnormal hematologic, renal or hepatic function.
• Part 2 ONLY:
• Radiotherapy against target lesions within 4 weeks prior to C1/D1, unless there is documented progression of the lesion following the radiotherapy.
• Basket Cohort ONLY:
• Prior therapy with MET-inhibiting agents (exceptions will be a subset of patients that will be entered to the Basket Cohort after having received prior therapy with a MET-targeting TKI).
• Prior therapy with antibody to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF).
• Basket Cohort and NSCLC MET-Amplified Cohort ONLY:
• Tumor status demonstrating MET-polysomy in the absence of MET-amplification, as specified per protocol. Patients in the NSCLC METex14del Cohort with polysomy are eligible.

Participant(s)
• And/or parent guardian must be able to understand and provide informed consent;
• Age at date of recruitment (e.g., screening):
• in Part A: 8 to 14 years of age
• in Part B: 6 to 16 years of age
• Must have a primary place of residence in one of the pre-selected recruitment census tracts (Reference: Inner-City Asthma Consortium);
• Has a history of persistent asthma, for a minimum of 1 year before study entry:
• Diagnosis of asthma will be defined as a report by the caretaker that the participant had a clinical diagnosis of asthma made by a clinician ≥1 year ago, resulting in a prescription of preventative asthma medication, and
• Must have persistent asthma as defined by the current need for at least 88 mcg fluticasone (or the equivalent of another inhaled corticosteroid) to control asthma at the time of screening.
• At the time of randomization, the participant's asthma must be well controlled as defined by:
• A Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) ≥80% predicted, and
• An Asthma Control Test (ACT) or Childhood Asthma Control Test (CACT) score ≥20.
• Is sensitive to German cockroach as documented by:
• a positive (≥3 mm greater than negative control) skin prick test result, and
• detectable German cockroach specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) (≥ 0.35 kUA/L).
• Has no known contraindications to therapy with glycerinated German cockroach allergenic extract or placebo;
• In Part A only: participant must have a positive cockroach nasal challenge, as defined by reaching a Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) of ≥6 or a sneezing score of 3 at dose 2 or above during the challenge at screening; and
• Have documentation of current medical insurance with prescription coverage at randomization. Participant(s)
• Unable or unwilling to give written informed consent or comply with the study protocol;
• That is pregnant or lactating;
• That are post-menarcheal females must be abstinent or use a medically acceptable birth control method throughout their participation in the study (e.g. oral, subcutaneous, mechanical, or surgical contraception);
• That cannot perform spirometry and peak flow at treatment randomization;
• That have an asthma severity classification at the time of treatment randomization of severe persistent, using the The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) classification, as evidenced by at least one of the following:
• Requires a dose >500 mcg of fluticasone per day or the equivalent of another inhaled corticosteroid,
• Has received more than 2 courses of oral or parenteral corticosteroids in the last 12 months or one course within the last 3 months prior to study entry,
• Has been treated with depot steroids within the 3 months prior to study entry,
• Has been hospitalized for asthma within the 6 months prior to study entry, or
• Has had a life-threatening asthma exacerbation that required intubation, mechanical ventilation, or that resulted in a hypoxic seizure within 2 years prior to study entry.
• Does not have access to a phone (needed for scheduling appointments);
• Has received allergen immunotherapy (Sublingual Immunotherapy [SLIT] or Subcutaneous Immunotherapy [SCIT]) in the last 12 months or, who plan to initiate or resume allergen immunotherapy during the study;
• Has received biologic therapy (e.g., anti-Immunoglobulin E [IgE], anti-IL-4, anti-IL-5) within 6 months of study entry;
• Has received an investigational drug in the 30 days prior to recruitment or who plan to use an investigational drug during the study;
• Has past or current medical problems or findings from physical examination or laboratory testing that are not listed above, which, in the opinion of the investigator, may:
• pose additional risks from participation in the study,
• may interfere with the participant's ability to comply with study requirements, or
• that may impact the quality or interpretation of the data obtained from the study.
• Who have nasal polyps or other major structural abnormalities in their nasal cavities as assessed by anterior rhinoscopy,
• Who meet any of the following criteria are not eligible for enrollment and may not be reassessed:
• That plan to move from the area during the study period,
• Have a history of anaphylaxis grade 3 or higher as defined by World Allergy Organization Subcutaneous Immunotherapy Systemic Reaction Grading System,
• Have unstable angina, significant arrhythmia, uncontrolled hypertension, history of autoimmune disease, or other chronic or immunological diseases that, in the opinion of the investigator, might interfere with the evaluation of the investigational product or pose additional risk to the participant,
• Past or current medical problems or findings from physical examination or laboratory testing that are not listed above, which, in the opinion of the investigator,
• may pose additional risks from participation in the study,
• may interfere with the participant's ability to comply with study requirements,
• or that may impact the quality or interpretation of the data obtained from the study.
• Are using tricyclic antidepressants or beta-adrenergic blocker drugs (both oral and topical).

Inclusion Criteria (Phase 1): 1. Patients with a documented (histologically- or cytologically-proven) solid tumor epithelial carcinoma that is locally advanced or metastatic 2. Patients with a malignancy that is either refractory to standard therapy, or for which no standard therapy is available 3. Patients with a malignancy that is currently not amenable to surgical intervention due to either medical contraindications or non-resectability of the tumor 4. Phase 1a Dose-Escalation Cohorts: Patients with measurable or non-measurable disease according to RECIST, v1.1 criteria. To include patients reasonably likely to express EGFR. Inclusion Criteria (Phase 2a) 1. Patients with measurable disease according to RECIST, v1.1 criteria. 2. Patients with triple negative breast cancer who are either EGFR 2+ or EGFR 3+ by validated IHC assay. 3. Patients with squamous non-small cell lung cancer who are EGFR 3+ by validated IHC assay. 4. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who are EGFR 3+ by validated IHC assay. 5. Patients whose malignancy is either refractory to standard therapy, or for which no standard therapy is available 6. Patients whose malignancy is currently not amenable to surgical intervention due to either medical contraindications or non-resectability of the tumor Patients to be Excluded (patients must not meet any of the following criteria Phase 1 only) 1. Women who are pregnant or lactating. Women of child-bearing potential (WOCBP) and fertile men with WOCBP partner(s), not using and not willing to use a medically effective method of contraception. 2. Patients with known central nervous system (CNS) or leptomeningeal metastases, or spinal cord compression not controlled by prior surgery or radiotherapy, or patients with symptoms suggesting CNS involvement for which treatment is required 3. Patients with a malignancy other than that of epithelial origin 4. Patients with hematologic abnormalities at baseline 5. Patients with a significant cardiovascular disease or condition 6. Patients with a significant ocular disease or condition 7. Patients with a significant pulmonary disease or condition 8. History of pneumonia within 6 months prior to the first study drug administration 9. Patients with significant gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities 10. Patients with non-healing wounds on any part of the body Patients to be Excluded (patients must not meet any of the following criteria Phase 2a only) 1. Women who are pregnant or lactating. Women of child-bearing potential (WOCBP) and fertile men with WOCBP partner(s), not using and not willing to use a medically effective method of contraception. 2. Patients with known central nervous system (CNS) or leptomeningeal metastases, or spinal cord compression not controlled by prior surgery or radiotherapy, or patients with symptoms suggesting CNS involvement for which treatment is required 3. Patients with a malignancy other than EGFR-overexpressing triple negative breast cancer, squamous histology non-small cell lung cancer, or squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. 4. Patients with hematologic abnormalities at baseline 5. Patients with a significant cardiovascular disease or condition 6. Patients with a significant ocular disease or condition 7. Patients with a significant pulmonary disease or condition 8. History of pneumonia within 6 months prior to the first study drug administration 9. Patients with significant gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities 10. Patients with non-healing wounds on any part of the body 11. Patients without measurable disease according to RECIST v1.1 12. Patients with an active second malignancy within the last 2 years prior to entry Drugs and Other Treatments to be Excluded 1. Any antineoplastic agent for the primary malignancy (standard or investigational), without delayed toxicity, within 4 weeks, 5 plasma half-lives, or twice the duration of the biological effect, whichever is shortest, prior to first study drug administration and during study with the exception of: Nitrosoureas and nitrogen mustard within 6 weeks prior to first study drug administration and during study 2. Any other investigational treatments during study. This includes participation in any medical device or other therapeutic intervention clinical trials. 3. Radiotherapy for target lesions within 4 weeks prior to first study drug administration and during study 4. Herbal preparations or related over-the-counter (OTC) preparations/supplements containing herbal ingredients aimed at treating the underlying malignancy within 2 weeks prior to first study drug administration and during study 5. Strong inhibitors and/or inducers of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzyme 3A4 within 2 weeks prior to first study drug administration and during study 6. Immunosuppressive or systemic hormonal therapy within 2 weeks prior to first study drug administration and during study. 7. Prophylactic use of hematopoietic growth factors within 1 week prior to first study drug administration and during Cycle 1 of study; thereafter prophylactic use of growth factors is allowed as clinically indicated

Inclusion Criteria 1. Subjects ≥ 6 years of age at time of Informed Consent Form (ICF) or Assent Form signing. 2. Confirmed diagnosis of CF, determined by having clinical features consistent with the CF phenotype, plus one of the following: 1. Positive sweat chloride test (value ≥ 60 mEq/L), 2. Genotype with 2 mutations consistent with CF (i.e., a mutation in each of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator [CFTR] genes). 3. Positive sputum culture or a throat swab culture for MRSA at Screening. 4. In addition to the Screening sample, have at least 2 prior sputum or throat swab cultures positive for MRSA, of which at least 1 sample is more than 6 months prior to Screening. At least 50% of all MRSA cultures (sputum or throat swab culture) collected from the time of the first positive culture (in the previous 1 year) must have tested positive for MRSA. (Note: Screening sample may count towards 50% positive count) 5. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) ≥ 30% and ≤ 90% of predicted that is normal for age, gender, race, and height, using the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) equation. 6. At least 1 episode of acute pulmonary infection treated with non-maintenance antibiotics within 12 months prior to the Baseline visit. (Initiation of treatment with intermittent inhaled anti-Pseudomonal therapy will not qualify as treatment with non-maintenance antibiotics). 7. If female of childbearing potential, an acceptable method of contraception must be used during the study and must be combined with a negative pregnancy test obtained during Screening; sexually active male subjects of reproductive potential who are non-sterile (i.e., male who has not been sterilized by vasectomy for at least 6 months, and were not diagnosed with infertility through demonstration of azoospermia in a semen sample and/or absence of vas deferens through ultrasound) must be willing to use a barrier method of contraception, or their female partner must use an acceptable method of contraception, during the study. For purposes of this study, the Sponsor defines "acceptable methods of contraception" as: 1. Oral birth control pills administered for at least 1 monthly cycle prior to administration of the study drug. 2. A synthetic progestin implanted rod (eg, Implanon®) for at least 1 monthly cycle prior to the study drug administration but not beyond the 4th successive year following insertion. 3. Intrauterine devices (IUDs), inserted by a qualified clinician for at least 1 monthly cycle prior to study drug administration. 4. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (eg, Depo-Provera®) administered for a minimum of 1 monthly cycle prior to administration of the study drug and continuing through 1 month following study completion. 5. Hysterectomy or surgical sterilization. 6. Abstinence. 7. Double barrier method (diaphragm with spermicidal gel or condoms with contraceptive foam). NOTE: For subjects prescribed Orkambi: Orkambi may substantially decrease hormonal contraceptive exposure, reducing the effectiveness and increasing the incidence of menstruation-associated adverse reactions. Hormonal contraceptives, including oral, injectable, transdermal, and implantable, should not be relied upon as an effective method of contraception when co-administered with Orkambi. 8. Able and willing to comply with the protocol, including availability for all scheduled study visits and able to perform all techniques necessary to use the AeroVanc inhaler and measure lung function. 9. Agree not to smoke during any part of the clinical trial (Screening visit through end of study). 10. Subjects with a P. aeruginosa co-infection must either be stable on a regular suppression regimen of inhaled antibiotics or must be, in the opinion of the Investigator, stable despite the lack of such treatment. Exclusion Criteria 1. Use of anti-MRSA treatments prescribed as maintenance therapy (intravenous [IV] or inhaled treatment within 28 days; oral treatment within 14 days) prior to the Baseline visit. 2. Use of non-maintenance antibiotic for pulmonary infection or extrapulmonary MRSA infection (IV or inhaled antibiotic within 28 days; oral antibiotic within 14 days) prior to the Baseline visit. 3. History of previous allergies or sensitivity to vancomycin, or other component(s) of the study drug or placebo except for a history of red-man syndrome. 4. Inability to tolerate inhaled products. 5. First time sputum culture or throat swab culture yielding B. cepacia, or nontuberculous Mycobacteria in the previous 6 months to Screening. 6. History of lung or other solid organ transplantation or currently on the list to receive lung or other solid organ transplantation. 7. Resistance to vancomycin at Screening (vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [VRSA], or vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus [VISA], with minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥ 8 μg/mL). 8. Oral corticosteroids in doses exceeding 10 mg prednisone per day or 20 mg prednisone every other day, or equipotent doses of other corticosteroids. 9. Changes in antimicrobial, bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory or corticosteroid medications within 14 days, or changes in CFTR modulators within 28 days, prior to the Baseline visit. 10. Abnormal laboratory findings or other findings or medical history at Screening that, in the Investigator's opinion, would compromise the safety of the subject or the quality of the study data. 11. Inability to tolerate inhalation of a short acting beta2 agonist 12. SpO2 <90% at Screening. 13. Changes in physiotherapy technique or physiotherapy scheduled within 1 week of the Baseline visit. 14. Administration of any investigational drug or device within 4 weeks prior to the Screening visit and during the study 15. Female with positive pregnancy test result during Screening, pregnant (or intends to become pregnant), lactating or intends to breastfeed during the study. 16. Renal insufficiency, defined as creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min using the Cockcroft-Gault equation for adults or Schwartz equation for children at the Screening visit. 17. Abnormal liver function, defined as ≥ 4x upper limit of normal (ULN), of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), or known cirrhosis at Screening. 18. Diagnosed with clinically significant hearing loss. 19. History of positive result for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). 20. Planned hospitalizations for prophylaxis antibiotic treatment within 28 days prior to Baseline visit or during the double-blind period (Period 1).

1. Are 18 years or older, and, 2. Have been mechanically ventilated for ≥96 hours (4 days), and, 3. Have satisfied the Readiness-to-Wean criteria, and, 4. Have failed at least 2 weaning attempts (of which one was the protocol-specific Ventilator Liberation Trial). 1. maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) (absolute value) >50 cm H2O; 2. invasive mechanical ventilation >45 days; 3. currently on ECMO; 4. weaning failure due to hypervolemia; 5. medical history (including imaging) or known anatomy that prevents insertion of LIVE Catheter into the Left Subclavian vein; 6. clinically overt congestive heart failure that is preventing weaning; 7. currently being treated with neuromuscular blockade; 8. pre-existing neuromuscular or muscular dissorder that could affect the respiratory muscles; 9. pre-existing severe chronic pulmonary fibrosis; 10. pleural effusions occupying greater than one third of the pleural space on either side; 11. body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40; 12. known or suspected phrenic nerve paralysis; 13. any electrical device (implanted or external) that may be prone to interaction with or interference from the Lungpacer DPTS including neurological pacing/stimulator devices, cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators; 14. current hemodynamic instability, sepsis or septic shock; 15. prior bacteremia within the last 48 hours; 16. terminally ill with 6 months or less of life expectancy or not committed to full care; 17. known or suspected to be pregnant or lactating; 18. treatment with an investigational device or drug within 30 days of enrollment.

• Diagnosis of mild sleep-disordered breathing (MSDB) defined as meeting all of the following criteria:
• Caregiver report of habitual snoring that occurs most of the night on at least three nights per week, and has been present for at least three months (on average occurring > 3 nights per week or more half of sleep time) and
• Centrally-scored polysomnogram (PSG) confirming an obstructive apnea index (OAI) <1/hour and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≤3/hour and no oxygen saturation (SpO2) desaturation < 90% in conjunction with obstructive events, confirmed on PSG.
• Tonsillar hypertrophy ≥2 based on a standardized scale of 0-4.
• Deemed to be a candidate for AT by otolaryngologist (ENT) evaluation (i.e., no technical issues that would be a contraindication for surgery such as submucous cleft palate.)
• Primary indication for AT is nocturnal obstructive symptoms (i.e., not recurrent infections or other indications).
• Previous tonsillectomy, including partial tonsillectomy
• Recurrent tonsillitis that merits prompt adenotonsillectomy (AT) per the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Clinical Practice Guidelines (i.e., ≥7 episodes/yr in the past year; ≥5 episodes/year over the past 2 years or ≥3 episodes/yr over the past 3 years.)
• Severe obesity (body mass index (BMI) z-score ≥3).
• Failure to thrive, defined as either height or weight being below the 5th percentile for age and gender.
• Severe chronic health conditions that might hamper participation or confound key variables under study, including but not limited to:
• Severe cardiopulmonary disorders such as cystic fibrosis, and congenital heart disease.
• Bleeding disorders
• Sickle Cell Disease
• Epilepsy requiring medication
• Significant cardiac arrhythmia noted on PSG including: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, second degree atrioventricular block, sustained bradycardia, or sustained tachycardia.
• Other severe chronic health problems such as diabetes, narcolepsy, and poorly controlled asthma.
• Known genetic, craniofacial, neurological or psychiatric conditions likely to affect the airway, cognition or behavior;
• Current use of psychotropic medication (other than medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypnotics, antihypertensives, hypoglycemic agents including insulin, anticonvulsants, anticoagulants, or growth hormone.
• Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.
• Intellectual deficit or assigned to a self-contained classroom for all academic subjects.
• History of severe developmental disability or Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-3) score ≤60.
• Children/caregivers planning to move out of the area within the year.
• Children in foster care.
• Children/caregivers who do not speak English or Spanish well enough to complete the neurobehavioral measures.