1. Patients must be diagnosed as having either neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD), defined as the following: 1. NMO as defined by Wingerchuk et al. 2006 criteria (requires all of the following 3 criteria: I. Optic neuritis, II. Acute myelitis, III. At least two of three supportive criteria: Contiguous spinal cord lesion identified on a magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] scan extending over 3 vertebral segments; Brain MRI not meeting diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis [MS]; NMO-IgG seropositive status) 2. NMOSD as defined by either of following criteria with anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody seropositive status at screening: i. Idiopathic single or recurrent events of longitudinally extensive myelitis (≥3 vertebral segment spinal cord MRI lesion); ii. Optic neuritis, single, recurrent or simultaneous bilateral 2. Clinical evidence of at least 1 documented relapse (including first attack) in last 12 months prior to screening 3. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score from 0 to 6.5 inclusive at screening 4. Age 18 to 74 years, inclusive at the time of informed consent 5. Ability and willingness to provide written informed consent and to comply with the requirements of the protocol 1. Clinical relapse onset (including first attack) within 30 days prior to baseline Exclusion Criteria Related to Previous or Concomitant Therapy: 2. Any previous treatment with interleukin 6 (IL-6) inhibitory therapy (e.g., tocilizumab), alemtuzumab, total body irradiation or bone marrow transplantation at any time 3. Any previous treatment with anti-CD20, eculizumab, anti-BLyS monoclonal antibody (e.g., belimumab), any other treatment for prevention of multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse (e.g., interferon, natalizumab, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, teriflunomide or dimethyl fumarate) within 6 months prior to baseline 4. Any previous treatment with anti-CD4, cladribine, cyclophosphamide or mitoxantrone within 2 years prior to baseline 5. Treatment with any investigational agent within 3 months prior to baseline Exclusions for General Safety: 6. Pregnancy or lactation. 7. For patients of reproductive potential, a positive result from a serum pregnancy test at screening, or not willing to use reliable means of contraception (physical barrier [patient or partner] in conjunction with a spermicidal product, contraceptive pill, patch, injectables, intrauterine device or intrauterine system) during the treatment period and for at least 3 months after the last dose of study drug 8. Any surgical procedure (except for minor surgeries) within 4 weeks prior to baseline 9. Evidence of other demyelinating disease or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) 10. Evidence of serious uncontrolled concomitant diseases that may preclude patient participation, as described; Other nervous system disease, cardiovascular disease, hematologic/hematopoiesis disease, respiratory disease, muscular disease, endocrine disease, renal/urologic disease, digestive system disease, congenital or acquired severe immunodeficiency 11. Known active infection (excluding fungal infections of nail beds or caries dentium) within 4 weeks prior to baseline 12. Evidence of chronic active hepatitis B or C 13. History of drug or alcohol abuse within 1 year prior to baseline 14. History of diverticulitis that, in the Investigator's opinion, may lead to increased risk of complications such as lower gastrointestinal perforation 15. Evidence of active tuberculosis (excluding patients receiving chemoprophylaxis for latent tuberculosis infection) 16. Evidence of active interstitial lung disease 17. Receipt of any live or live attenuated vaccine within 6 weeks prior to baseline 18. History of malignancy within the last 5 years, including solid tumors, hematologic malignancies and in situ carcinoma (except basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, or in situ carcinoma of the cervix uteri that have been completely excised and cured) 19. History of severe allergic reaction to a biologic agent (e.g., shock, anaphylactic reactions) 20. Active suicidal ideation within 6 months prior to screening, or history of suicide attempt within 3 years prior to screening 21. History of Stevens-Johnson syndrome 22. Following laboratory abnormalities at screening*. 1. White blood cells <3.0 x10^3/microliter (μL) 2. Absolute neutrophil count <2.0 x 10^3 /μL 3. Absolute lymphocyte count <0.5 x 10^3 /μL 4. Platelet count <10 x 10^4 /μL 5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >1.5 times the upper limit of normal.
• If retest is conducted, the last value of retest before randomization must meet study criteria.

Criteria for Inclusion of Subjects: Hand and forearm amputees: 1. Male or female, age 18 and older, of any race or ethnicity 2. Able and willing to sign Consent 3. Able and willing to participate in all study activities including implantation, testing and explantation of the study device. 4. Able to communicate effectively in English without an interpreter After preliminary screening subjects will be assessed for the following inclusion criteria: 1. Patient has an existing myoelectric hand prosthesis and demonstrates proficiency during daily use 2. Overall and phantom pain are well-controlled and not incapacitating Criteria for Exclusion of Subjects: 1. If MR neurogram and EMG/NCS study show nerve or muscle dysfunction/injury at a higher level than anticipated based on the appearance of the physical amputation stump, the subject may be excluded from the study due to adverse neuromuscular anatomy which would preclude use of the proposed experimental electrode implants. The radiographs will be used to confirm suitability of the amputation stump configuration. If the bony anatomy of the amputation stump is found to be unsuitable, the patient may be excluded from the study. 2. Subjects who have a history of cardiac arrhythmia will be excluded from the study.

• diagnosis of neuroblastoma either by histologic verification and/or demonstration of tumor cells in the bone marrow with increased urinary catecholamines.
• must have high risk neuroblastoma with one of the following: 1) recurrent/progressive disease at any time, 2) refractory disease, 3) persistent disease after at least a partial response to frontline therapy, or 4) Second or greater complete remission after definitive disease progression.
• must have at least one of the following sites of disease: 1) measurable tumor on MRI, CT scan, or X-Ray; 2)MIBG scan with positive uptake in at least one site; 3) bone marrow with tumor cells seen on routine morphology.
• must have an ECOG performance status of 0, 1, or 2
• must have a life expectancy of greater than or equal to 8 weeks
• must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy
• hemoglobin greater than or equal to 8.0 (may transfuse to achieve this level)
• ANC greater than or equal to 500 (must be at least 7 days after last dose of growth factor)
• platelet count greater than or equal to 50,000 (must be transfusion independent, defined as at least 1 week since last platelet transfusion)
• age-adjusted serum creatinine less than or equal to 1.5 times normal for age
• normal cardiac function documented by: ejection fraction (greater than or equal to 55%) documented by echocardiogram or radionuclide MUGA evaluation OR fractional shortening (greater than or equal to 27%) documented by echocardiogram AND EKG must demonstrate no abnormality severe enough to justify cardiac medications AND baseline QTc interval greater than or equal to 450 msecs
• total bilirubin less than or equal to 1.5 times normal for age
• ALT and AST less than or equal to 3 times normal for age (for this study, the upper limit of normal of ALT is defined as 45 U/L)
• normal prothrombin time (PT) for age
• baseline hepatitis titers without evidence of acute/active hepatitis. Patients will need to have a negative Hep B Surface Antigen (HBsAg), Hep B e Antigen (HBeAg), Anti-Hep B core Antibody IgM (Anti-HBc IgM), Anti-HAV IgM, and Anti-HCV IgM.
• Patients with CNS parenchymal or meningeal-based lesions are eligible. Patients with prior history of CNS irradiation are study eligible.
• Patients with a seizure disorder are eligible if seizures are controlled on anticonvulsants and if the specific anticonvulsant(s) is not contraindicated.
• Normal lung function as manifested by no dyspnea at rest and no oxygen requirement.
• Due to the potential teratogenic effects of retinoids, negative serum beta-HCG in females, and use of effective contraception in males and females of child-bearing potential, is required.
• skin toxicity no greater than grade 1 per CTCAE v4
• Serum triglycerides < 300mg/dL fasting or on a random plasma test.
• Serum calcium < 11.6mg/dL
• No hematuria and/or proteinuria greater than 1+ on urinalysis.
• Patients with known genetic metabolic conditions, or other ongoing serious medical issues, must be approved by the Study Chair prior to registration.
• Pregnancy or breast feeding. Due to the potential teratogenic effects of retinoids, pregnant women are NOT eligible. Breast milk feeding by study patient is NOT allowed.
• Patients with history of organ and allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
• Patients with a known history of allergy to soy products.
• Patients with a known history of a severe allergy or sensitivity of wheat gluten.
• Patients requiring anti-arrhythmia cardiac medications are NOT eligible.
• Prior therapy with fenretinide, or fenretinide + ketoconazole, if DLT's were experienced.
• A known history of intolerance of ketoconazole.
• Patients on other essential medications for which an interaction with ketoconazole can be expected and for which dose reductions to other essential medications cannot be made in a manner adequate to ensure patient safety.
• Patients who, in the opinion of the investigator, may not be able to comply with safety monitoring requirements of the study.
• Active hepatitis.
• Baseline cardiac QTc interval >450 msecs.
• Eligible for enrollment on other national or regional treatment protocols employing fenretinide/LXS oral power that are reasonably accessible to the patient.
• Patient must NOT receive other anti-cancer agents while on Study.
• Ceftriaxone (Rocephin®) is NOT permitted for 24 hours prior to the start of the oral fenretinide course, during the course, and for 24 hours after the completion of seven day fenretinide course due to concerns of possible adverse effects on the hepatic clearance of fenretinide. Alternative antibiotics should be used. Other cephalosporins are permitted.
• Acetaminophen (Tylenol®) is NOT permitted for 24 hours prior the start of the oral fenretinide course, during the course, and for 48 hours following the completion of the seven day fenretinide course due to concerns of possible hepatic interactions. Ibuprofen (Motrin®) should be used for antipyretic control during this time period.
• Palliative radiation is allowed.
• Patients should NOT receive supplemental Vitamin A, C, or E except as contained in routine total parenteral nutrition vitamin supplements, or in a single daily standard dose oral multivitamin supplement, because of possible interference with antitumor 4-HPR-induced, reactive oxygen species and/or ceramide, and due to the unknown effects of these drugs on retinol levels
• Patients must NOT take any drugs suspected of causing pseudotumor cerebri, which include tetracycline, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, phenytoin, sulfonamides (Dapsone permitted), lithium, amiodarone, or vitamin A (except as part of routine TPN supplements or as part of a single daily standard dose oral multivitamin supplement).
• Concomitant use of herbal supplements or other alternative therapy medications IS CONTRAINDICATED due to potential adverse metabolic interactions of such supplements with fenretinide.
• Patients should NOT concurrently take medications that may potentially act as modulators of intracellular ceramide levels or ceramide cytotoxicity, sphingolipid transport, or p-glycoprotein (MDR1) or MRP1 drug/lipid transporters, such as: cyclosporine A or analogue; verapamil; tamoxifen or analogue; chlorpromazine; RU486; indomethacin; or sulfinpyrazone. Patients should NOT concurrently take medications that are known P450 inhibitors. Contact Study Chair if there are questions regarding the suitability of any medication.
• As corticosteroids may impact sphingolipid metabolism, systemic corticosteroids should NOT be used for emesis control during the course of the study. Systemic corticosteroids for asthma control are permissible but should be minimized. Inhaled corticosteroids for asthma control are allowed. Steroids for routine metabolic deficiency states are allowed. Steroids for CNS lesions are allowed.
• Because gastric acidity is necessary for the maximal dissolution and absorption of ketoconazole, when actively taking ketoconazole, patients should avoid/minimize concurrent medications that decrease gastric acid output (such as ranitidine) or increase gastric pH (such as Tums).
• Concomitant medication that may prolong cardiac QT interval, especially those with known interaction with ketoconazole (See Appendices IV, V and VI). A LIST OF THESE MEDICATIONS SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO THE PATIENT AND FAMILY
•PLEASE SEE APPENDICES IV, V and VI FOR A LIST OF MEDICATIONS THAT SHOULD NOT BE USED WITH CONCURRENT KETOCONAZOLE OR THAT SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION. Please SEE APPENDIX IV for a partial list of medications potentially prolonging QT interval. Patients may NOT receive therapy with the medications listed as PROHIBITED in Appendix IV and V. Medications in Appendix VI may be used with cautions as noted. Regulatory:
• Patients and/or their parents or legal guardians must sign a written informed consent (or assent.)
• All institutional, FDA, and NCI requirements for human studies must be met.

• Histologically or cytologically-confirmed Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, or osteosarcoma
• Disease progression after prior therapy in locally advanced or metastatic setting
• Measurable or evaluable disease based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST v1.1) criteria
• Age 12 months to <21 years
• Adequate bone marrow reserves, hepatic function, and renal function
• Recovered from effects of any prior surgery or cancer therapy
• Patients 18 years or older will provide written consent. A parent or legal guardian of a patient <18 years of age will provide informed consent and patients 11 to 18 years of age will provide written assent or as per participating institutional policy.
• Clinically significant gastrointestinal disorders
• NYHA Class III or IV congestive heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias or uncontrolled blood pressure
• Active infection or unexplained fever
• Known hypersensitivity to any of the components of MM-398 or other liposomal products
• Recent Investigational therapy
• Pregnant or breast feeding; females of child-bearing potential must test negative for pregnancy at the time of enrollment

• Genotypically confirmed DMD, with genetic deletion amenable to exon 45 or exon 53 skipping
• Stable dose of oral corticosteroids for at least 24 weeks
• Intact right and left biceps or 2 alternative upper muscle groups
• Mean 6MWT greater than or equal 300 meters and less than or equal to 450 meters
• Stable pulmonary function: forced vital capacity (FVC) equal to or greater than 50% predicted
• Treatment with gene therapy at any time
• Previous treatment with SMT C1100, PRO045 (BMN 045), PRO053 (BMN 053) or PRO051 (BMN 051) within 24 weeks prior to Week 1
• Current or previous treatment with any other experimental treatment (other than deflazacort) within 12 weeks prior to Week 1
• Major surgery within 3 months prior to Week 1
• Presence of other clinically significant illness Other inclusion/exclusion criteria may apply

• Inborn and outborn preterm infants
• 23 0/7-28 6/7 weeks gestation
• ≤24 hours postnatal age
• Hematocrit > 60%
• Infants with known congenital or chromosomal anomalies, including congenital heart disease and known brain anomalies
• Hemorrhagic or hemolytic disease
• EEG- confirmed seizures
• Congenital thrombotic disease
• Systolic blood pressures >100 mm Hg while not on pressor support
• Receiving Epo or Darbe clinically, or planning to receive Epo or Darbe during hospitalization
• Infants in whom no aggressive therapy is planned
• Family will NOT be available for follow-up at 22-26 months

1. History of unilateral supratentorial ischemic stroke that occurred at least 9 months but not more than ten 10 years prior to enrollment. 2. Age >22 years and <80 years. 3. FMA-UE score of 20 to 50 (inclusive of 20 and 50). 4. Ability to communicate, understand, and give appropriate consent. Subjects should be able to follow two-step commands. 5. Right- or left-sided weakness of upper extremity. 6. Active wrist flexion/extension; active abduction/extension of thumb and at least two additional digits. 1. History of hemorrhagic stroke 2. Presence of ongoing dysphagia or aspiration difficulties. 3. Subject receiving medication that may significantly interfere with the actions of VNS on neurotransmitter systems at study entry. A list of excluded medications will be provided to Investigators. 4. Prior injury to vagus nerve, either bilateral or unilateral (e.g., injury during carotid endarterectomy). 5. Severe or worse depression (Beck Depression Scale > 29) (Beck et al., 1961) 6. Unfavorable candidacy for device implant surgery (e.g., history of adverse reactions to anesthetics, poor surgical candidate in surgeon's opinion, etc.) 7. Current use of any other stimulation device, such as a pacemaker or other neurostimulator; current use of any other investigational device or drug. 8. Medical or mental instability (diagnosis of personality disorder, psychosis, or substance abuse) that would prevent subject from meeting protocol timeline. 9. Pregnancy or plans to become pregnant or to breastfeed during the study period. 10. Current requirement, or likely future requirement, of diathermy during the study duration. 11. Active rehabilitation within 4 weeks prior to consent. 12. Botox injections or any other non-study active rehabilitation of the upper extremity within 4 weeks prior to therapy through the post-30 day visit (Visit 6). 13. Severe spasticity of the upper limb (Modified Ashworth ≥3) (Bohannon and Smith, 1987). 14. Significant sensory loss. Sensory loss will be measured using the Upper Extremity sensory section of the Fugl Meyer Assessment of Physical Performance. The assessment addresses light touch (2 items) and proprioception (4 items).The highest points attained is 12; subjects with scores less than 6 will be excluded from the study.

Inclusion Criteria 1. Age 18-80 2. Diagnosis of confirmed symptomatic distal symmetric peripheral polyneuropathy based on the Toronto consensus criteria for probable neuropathy (the presence of unequivocal signs and symptoms of neuropathy)45. 3. Evidence of symptomatic neuropathy based on a screening visit NQOL-DN score of >9. 4. Metabolic syndrome based on modified ATPIII criteria. Specific criteria require 3 of the following 6 to be present at the screening visit.
• Waist circumference >102 cm for men, >88 cm for women
• Serum triglycerides of > 150 mg/dl
• HDL < 40 mg/dl for men, < 50 mg/dl for women
• Those with either a normal HDL or TRG who are taking a lipid lowering medication for this purpose
• Blood pressure 130/85 mm Hg or use of anti-hypertension drug
• Hyperglycemia based on American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria at screening based on any one or more of the following: fasting plasma glucose > 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L), 2-hour glucose tolerance test > 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), or hemoglobin A1c > 5.7% . 5. No current or prior history of therapy with topiramate. 6. If female of child-bearing potential (i.e., not surgically sterile or post-menopausal defined as age > 51 years without menses for ≥ 2 years), negative serum pregnancy test at screening and negative urine pregnancy test at baseline visit. 7. Women of child-bearing potential or men with sexual partners of childbearing potential be willing to use an acceptable method of birth control for the duration of the study and for 12 weeks following completion of study drug therapy. Acceptable methods of birth control include abstinence, oral contraceptives, the contraceptive patch, intra-uterine device, the contraceptive ring, and or barrier contraception such as condoms with spermicide. Exclusion Criteria 1. CSS-PI clinical determination of an alternative cause for peripheral neuropathy (including but not limited to rheumatological disorders, Hepatitis B or C, breast cancer treated with neurotoxic chemotherapy within the past 15 years). All potential subjects will have screening neuropathy labs including assessment for diabetes (Hemoglobin A1c, oral glucose tolerance test), vitamin B12 level, and immunofixation47. 2. Type I diabetes or current use of insulin or use of insulin in the past 3 months. 3. HgA1c > 7.5%. Borderline screening labs can be repeated within two weeks with PPI approval. 4. History of recurrent nephrolithiasis, a single episode of nephrolithiasis within one year prior to screening, or use of ongoing preventative treatment. 5. Family history of a hereditary neuropathy in a first-degree relative. 6. Severe neuropathy: Utah Early Neuropathy Score > 24 at screening 7. Active foot ulceration or a history of a nontraumatic foot amputation. 8. ECG with QTc more than 450 ms in men, or 470 ms in women. 9. Risk of excessive bleeding at the skin biopsy site based on the clinical assessment of the CSS-PI. 10. Chronic corticosteroid use excluding topical or inhaled treatment. 11. Use of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (such as acetazolamide) due to risk of nephrolithiasis. 12. Planned bariatric surgery. 13. Use of other weight loss medications. 14. Use of scheduled opiates, or as needed opiate medications more than three times weekly. 15. Use of topical capsaicin products within 16 weeks of screening or at any time on study. 16. Medication change for neuropathy symptoms during the 8 weeks prior to screening; or anticipated change for the duration of study participation. 17. Current use of an intrathecal pain pump or spinal cord stimulator. 18. Screening laboratory creatinine ≥ 2.0 mg/dl. 19. Severe edema, dermatologic or lower extremity condition that would increase risk of skin biopsy. 20. Major depression, bipolar affective disorder, or other mental health disorders that are sufficiently severe to increase adverse event risk or impact neuropathy assessment in the opinion of the responsible site principal investigator. 21. Current suicidal ideation within one year prior to the baseline visit as evidenced by answering "yes" to Questions 4 or 5 on the suicidal ideation portion of the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). 22. Ataxia sufficiently severe to represent an unacceptable fall risk in the opinion of the site principal investigator. 23. A serious medical condition expected to dramatically shorten life span or prevent participation. 24. Any clinically significant condition or illness, which, in the opinion of the CSS-PI, would pose a risk to the subject or might confound the study including metabolic acidosis, bone marrow suppression, blood dyscrasias, bleeding disorder, or closed angle glaucoma. 25. History of alcohol or drug abuse within the past two years, or existing neuropathy related to past drug or alcohol abuse. 26. History of malignancy within five years prior to study enrollment, except for adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer or in situ cervical cancer. 27. A history of epilepsy. 28. An inability to understand or cooperate with the procedures of the study. 29. Pregnant, or intending to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

• Six or nine months of age and younger (depending on cohort) on day of vector infusion with Type 1 SMA as defined by the following features:
• Diagnosis of SMA based on gene mutation analysis with bi-allelic SMN1 mutations (deletion or point mutations) and 2 copies of SMN2.
• Onset of disease at birth up to 6 months of age.
• Hypotonia by clinical evaluation with delay in motor skills, poor head control, round shoulder posture and hypermobility of joints.
• Active viral infection (includes HIV or serology positive for hepatitis B or C)
• Use of invasive ventilatory support (tracheotomy with positive pressure)* or pulse oximetry <95% saturation.
• Patients may be put on non-invasive ventilator support (BiPAP) for less than 16 hours a day at the discretion of their physician or research staff.
• Concomitant illness that in the opinion of the PI creates unnecessary risks for gene transfer
• Concomitant use of any of the following drugs: drugs for treatment of myopathy or neuropathy, agents used to treat diabetes mellitus, or ongoing immunosuppressive therapy or immunosuppressive therapy within 3 months of starting the trial (e.g. corticosteroids, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab)
• Patients with Anti-AAV9 antibody titers >1:50 as determined by ELISA binding immunoassay.
• Abnormal laboratory values considered clinically significant (GGT > 3XULN, bilirubin ≥ 3.0 mg/dL , creatinine ≥ 1.8 mg/dL, Hgb < 8 or > 18 g/Dl; WBC > 20,000 per cmm) Participation in a recent SMA treatment clinical trial that in the opinion of the PI creates unnecessary risks for gene transfer.
• Family does not want to disclose patient's study participation with primary care physician and other medical providers.
• Patient with signs of aspiration based on a swallowing test and unwilling to use an alternative method to oral feeding.
• Patients with a single base substitution in SMN2 (c.859G>C in exon 7) will be excluded based on predicted mild phenotype.

Key Inclusion Criteria
• Patients ≥6 months and up to 60 months (1800 days) of age at time of dosing following diagnostic confirmation during screening period by genotype who demonstrate the ability to sit unassisted for 10 or more seconds but cannot stand or walk
• Diagnostic confirmation by genotype includes lab documentation of homozygous absence of SMN1 exon 7; with exactly three copies of SMN2
• Negative gene testing for SMN2 gene modifier mutation (c.859G>C)
• Onset of clinical signs and symptoms consistent with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) at < 12 months of age
• Able to sit independently and not standing or walking independently. Definition of sitting independently is defined by the World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study (WHO-MGRS) criteria of being able to sit up unsupported with head erect for at least 10 seconds. Child should not use arms or hands to balance body or support position (Wijnhoven 2004)
• Be up-to-date on childhood vaccines that include palivizumab prophylaxis (also known as Synagis) to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are also recommended in accordance with American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP 2009) Key Exclusion Criteria
• Current or historical ability to stand or walk independently
• Contraindications for spinal tap procedure or administration of intrathecal therapy or presence of an implanted shunt for the drainage of CSF or an implanted central venous (CNS) catheter
• Severe contractures as determined by designated Physical Therapist(s) at screening that interfere with either the ability to attain/demonstrate functional measures or interferes with ability to receive intrathecal (IT) dosing
• Severe scoliosis (defined as ≥ 50° curvature of spine) evident on X-ray examination
• Previous, planned or expected scoliosis repair surgery/procedure within 1 year of dose administration
• Use of invasive ventilatory support (tracheotomy with positive pressure) or pulse oximetry < 95% saturation at screening while the patient is awake, or for high altitudes > 1000 m, oxygen saturation < 92% while the patient is awake
• Pulse oximetry saturation must not decrease ≥ four (4) percentage points between screening and highest value on day of dosing
• Use or requirement of non-invasive ventilatory support for 12 or more hours daily over the two (2) weeks prior to dosing
• Medical necessity for a gastric feeding tube, where the majority of feedings are given by non-oral methods (i.e., nasogastric tube or nasojejunal tube) or patients whose weight-for-age falls below the 3rd percentile based on WHO Child Growth Standards (Onis 2006). Placement of a permanent gastrostomy prior to screening is not an exclusion
• Use or requirement of non-invasive ventilatory support for 12 or more hours daily over the two (2) weeks prior to dosing
• Medical necessity for a gastric feeding tube, where the majority of feedings are given by non-oral methods or patients whose weight-for-age falls below the 3rd percentile based on WHO Child Growth Standards (Onis 2006). Placement of a permanent gastrostomy prior to screening is not an exclusion
• Active viral infection (includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or serology positive for hepatitis B or C, or Zika virus)
• Serious non-respiratory tract illness requiring systemic treatment and/or hospitalization within two (2) weeks prior to study entry
• Respiratory infection requiring medical attention, medical intervention or increase in supportive care of any manner within four (4) weeks prior to study entry
• Severe non-pulmonary/respiratory tract infection within four (4) weeks before study dosing or concomitant illness that in the opinion of the Principal Investigator (PI) creates unnecessary risks for gene transfer such as:
• Major renal or hepatic impairment
• Known seizure disorder
• Diabetes mellitus
• Idiopathic hypocalciuria
• Symptomatic cardiomyopathy
• History of bacterial meningitis or brain or spinal cord disease, including tumors, or abnormalities by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) that would interfere with the lumbar puncture (LP) procedures or CSF circulation
• Known allergy or hypersensitivity to prednisolone or other glucocorticosteroids or their excipients
• Known allergy or hypersensitivity to iodine or iodine-containing products
• Concomitant use of any of the following: drugs for treatment of myopathy or neuropathy, agents used to treat diabetes mellitus, or ongoing immunosuppressive therapy, plasmapheresis, immunomodulators such as adalimumab, or immunosuppressive therapy within 3 months of study dosing
• Inability to withhold use of laxatives or diuretics in the 24 hours prior to dose administration
• Anti-AAV9 antibody titers >1:50 as determined by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) binding immunoassay
• Should a potential patient demonstrate anti AAV9 antibody titer > 1:50, he or she may receive retesting within 30 days of the screening period and will be eligible to participate if the anti AAV9 antibody titer upon retesting is ≤ 1:50
• Clinically significant abnormal laboratory values (GGT, ALT, and AST, or total bilirubin > 2 × ULN, creatinine ≥ 1.0 mg/dL, hemoglobin [Hgb] < 8 or > 18 g/dL; white blood cell [WBC] > 20,000 per cmm) prior to gene replacement therapy. Patients with an elevated bilirubin level that is unequivocally the result of neonatal jaundice shall not be excluded
• Participation in recent SMA treatment clinical trial or receipt of an investigational or approved compound product or therapy received with the intent to treat SMA at any time prior to screening for this study
• Oral beta agonists must be discontinued 30 days prior to dosing.
• Inhaled albuterol specifically prescribed for the purposes of respiratory (bronchodilator) management is acceptable and not a contraindication at any time prior to screening for this study
• Expectation of major surgical procedures during the 1-year study assessment period

• Diagnosis of focal epilepsy per 1989 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) criteria at least 3 years before study entry
• Subject has failed to achieve seizure control with 4 tolerated and appropriately chosen prior antiepileptic drugs (AED), including past and ongoing treatment, that were individually optimized for adequate dose and duration. Prior discontinued AED treatment would need to be assessed by the Investigator considering the patient medical records and patient and/or caregiver interview. 'Prior AED' is defined as all past and ongoing AED treatments with a start date before the Screening Visit (Visit 1)
• Average of >= 4 spontaneous and observable focal seizures (type IA1 (i.e. focal aware), IB (i.e. focal impaired awareness), IC (i.e. focal to bilateral tonic-clonic)) per month
• Current treatment with an individually optimized and stable dose of at least 1 and up to 3 AEDs for the 8 weeks prior to the Screening Visit with or without additional Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) or other neurostimulation treatments
• Subject has a history of or signs of generalized or combined generalized and focal epilepsy
• Cluster seizures which are uncountable in the previous 8 weeks before study entry and during 4 weeks prospective baseline
• Current treatment with carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone, phenobarbital
• Current treatment/ use of (non-AED) prescription, nonprescription, dietary (eg, grapefruit or passion fruit), or herbal products that are potent inducers or inhibitors of the CYP3A4 or 2C19 pathway for 2 weeks (or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer) prior to the Baseline Visit
• Subjects taking sensitive substrates of CYP2C19 for 2 weeks (or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer) prior to the Baseline Visit
• Subject has been taking vigabatrin less than 2 years at study entry
• Subject has been taking felbamate for less than 12 months
• Subject taking retigabine for less than 4 years
• Current treatment with benzodiazepines (i.e. GABA-A-ergic drugs like zolpidem, zaleplon, or zopiclone, excluding GABA-A-ergic AEDs) <3 times per week for emergencies
• Subject has a current medical condition that occurred within the last 12 months which, in the opinion of the investigator, could compromise his/her safety or ability to participate in this study

• Patients must be:
• < 12 months (< 365 days) of age at diagnosis with INRG stage L1; or
• < 18 months (< 547 days) of age at diagnosis with INRG stage L2 or stage Ms neuroblastoma/ganglioneuroblastoma
• Enrollment on ANBL00B1 or APEC14B1 is required for all newly diagnosed patients
• Patients must have newly diagnosed v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene neuroblastoma derived homolog (MYCN) non-amplified neuroblastoma (International Classification of Diseases for Oncology [ICD-O] morphology 9500/3) or MYCN non-amplified ganglioneuroblastoma verified by histology
• Patients must meet the specified criteria for one of the treatment groups defined below; genomic features include MYCN gene amplification, segmental chromosome aberrations (somatic copy number loss at 1p, 3p, 4p, or 11q or somatic copy number gain at 1q, 2p, or 17q) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) index
• ?Favorable? genomic features are defined by one or more whole-chromosome gains or hyperdiploid tumor (DNA index > 1) in the absence of segmental chromosome aberrations as defined above
• ?Unfavorable? genomic features are defined by the presence of any segmental chromosome aberration (somatic copy number loss at 1p, 3p, 4p, or 11q or somatic copy number gain at 1q, 2p, or 17q) or diploid tumor (DNA index = 1); this includes copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH)
• Only patients with MYCN non-amplified tumors are eligible for this study
• Group A: patients < 12 months (< 365 days) of age with newly diagnosed INRG stage L1 neuroblastoma/ganglioneuroblastoma who meet the following criteria:
• Greatest tumor diameter < 5 cm of adrenal or non-adrenal origin
• Patients with non-adrenal primaries are eligible, but must have positive uptake on metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan or elevated catecholamine metabolites (urine or serum) to support the diagnosis of neuroblastoma
• No prior tumor resection or biopsy
• Group A will be further split into two subsets, which are mutually exclusive, for statistical purposes
• Group A1:
• > 6 months and < 12 months of age with an adrenal primary tumor < 5 cm in greatest diameter OR
• Patients less than 6 months of age with an adrenal primary tumor > 3.1 and < 5 cm in greatest diameter OR
• < 12 months of age with a non-adrenal primary site < 5 cm in greatest diameter
• Group A2: =< 6 months of age with an adrenal primary site and tumor =< 3.1 cm in greatest diameter.
• Group B: patients < 18 months (< 547 days) of age with newly diagnosed INRG stage L2 neuroblastoma/ganglioneuroblastoma who meet the following criteria:
• No life threatening symptoms or no impending neurologic or other organ function compromise (e.g. epidural or intraspinal tumors with existing or impending neurologic impairment, periorbital or calvarial-based lesions with existing or impending cranial nerve impairment, anatomic or mechanical compromise of critical organ function by tumor [abdominal compartment syndrome, urinary obstruction, etc.]); horner syndrome is not considered neurologic compromise
• No prior tumor resection, tumor biopsy ONLY
• Only patients with both favorable histology and favorable genomic features will remain on study as part of Group B; the institution will be notified of histologic and genomic results within 3 weeks of specimen submission on ANBL00B1 or APEC14B1
• Group C: patients < 18 months (< 547 days) of age with newly diagnosed INRG stage Ms neuroblastoma/ganglioneuroblastoma
• No prior radiotherapy or chemotherapy, with the exception of dexamethasone, which is allowed
• All patients and/or their parents or legal guardians must sign a written informed consent
• All institutional, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and National Cancer Institute (NCI) requirements for human studies must be met
• Patients with MYCN amplified tumors are not eligible
• Group B and C patients who do not enroll on ANBL1232 within 4 weeks of definitive diagnostic procedure
• Group A and C patients, not required to undergo tumor biopsy, who do not enroll on ANBL1232 within 4 weeks of confirmatory imaging study

• ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SCREENING BIOPSY (STEP 0)
• Women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 2 weeks prior to registration; patients that are pregnant or breast feeding are excluded; a female of childbearing potential is any woman, regardless of sexual orientation or whether they have undergone tubal ligation, who meets the following criteria:
• Has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; or
• Has not been naturally postmenopausal for at least 24 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 24 consecutive months)
• Women of childbearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry, for the duration of study participation, and for 4 months after completion of study; should a woman become pregnant or suspect while she or her partner is participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately
• Patients must have histologically documented solid tumors or histologically confirmed diagnosis of lymphoma or multiple myeloma requiring therapy and meet one of the following criteria:
• Patients must have progressed following at least one line of standard systemic therapy and there must not be other approval/standard therapy available that has been shown to prolong overall survival (i.e. in a randomized trial against another standard treatment or by comparison to historical controls); patients who cannot receive other standard therapy that has been shown to prolong overall survival due to medical issues will be eligible, if other eligibility criteria are met; if the patient is currently receiving therapy, the clinician must have assessed that the current therapy is no longer benefitting the patient prior to enrolling on MATCH, regardless of whether it is considered standard OR
• Patients for whose disease no standard treatment exists that has been shown to prolong overall survival
• NOTE: No other prior malignancy is allowed except for the following: adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer; in situ cervical cancer; adequately treated stage I or II cancer from which the patient is currently in complete remission; any other cancer from which the patient has been disease-free for 5 years
• Patients must have measurable disease
• Patients must meet the criteria below and have received results from one of the designated outside laboratories indicating a "rare variant" that is an actionable Mutation of Interest (aMOI) for specific select subprotocols.
• The following requirements apply:
• The outside laboratory specifically notified the site that patient may be a potential candidate for MATCH due to a detected "rare variant"; the outside lab reports are NOT sufficient for this purpose
• NOTE: The content and format of these specific notifications for the Outside Assay process will vary depending on the designated outside lab in question, as they are each responsible for their own outreach efforts; it is strongly recommended that the designated outside laboratory be contacted to confirm the format and receipt of this notification prior to registering any patients to Step 0
• Patients with an applicable "rare variant" must be able to meet the eligibility criteria for the appropriate subprotocols within 4 weeks following notification of treatment assignment
• NOTE: The receipt of this notification (and the start of the associated deadline for Step 1 registration) may occur shortly after Step 0 registration, since these patients will not be submitting tissue for screening purposes; however, for certain "rare variant" arms, submission of archival tissue for central immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing may be required
• Registration to Step 0 must occur after stopping prior systemic anti-cancer therapy; there is no specific duration for which patients must be off treatment prior to registration to Step 0, as long as all eligibility criteria are met
• There is no particular window of time after notification of potential eligibility from an outside lab in which the patient must be registered to Step 0, but treatment slots will be assigned on a first come, first serve basis to those who do register to Step 0, and are not held for those notified of potential eligibility who do not register to Step 0
• Patients may have received other non-targeted, immunotherapy or targeted treatment between the prior genetic testing at the outside lab and registration to Step 0; the decision to stop such treatment in favor of participation in MATCH, if no further clinical benefit is expected, is per the treating physician's discretion; documentation of a lack of response to the prior treatment is not required in these cases
• NOTE: Other potential aMOIs that would be eligibility criteria for "NON RARE" arms, as determined by the designated laboratories, are not applicable for this process in MATCH
• NOTE: Tumor tissue for the confirmation of "rare variant" by the MATCH assay is to be submitted, preferably from the same time of collection as that evaluated by the designated outside laboratory
• Patient must not require the use of full dose coumarin-derivative anticoagulants such as warfarin; low molecular weight heparin is permitted for prophylactic or therapeutic use; factor X inhibitors are permitted
• NOTE: Warfarin may not be started while enrolled in the EAY131 study
• Stopping the anticoagulation for biopsy should be per site standard operating procedure (SOP)
• Patients must have Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =< 1 and a life expectancy of at least 3 months
• Patients must not currently be receiving any other investigational agents
• Patients must not have any uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to:
• Symptomatic congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] classification of III/IV)
• Unstable angina pectoris or coronary angioplasty, or stenting within 6 months prior to registration to Step 0, 2, 4, 6
• Cardiac arrhythmia (ongoing cardiac dysrhythmias of National Cancer Institute [NCI] Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] version [v]4 grade >= 2)
• Psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
• Intra-cardiac defibrillators
• Known cardiac metastases
• Abnormal cardiac valve morphology (>= grade 2) documented by echocardiogram (ECHO) (as clinically indicated); (subjects with grade 1 abnormalities [i.e., mild regurgitation/stenosis] can be entered on study); subjects with moderate valvular thickening should not be entered on study
• NOTE: To receive an agent, patient must not have any uncontrolled intercurrent illness such as ongoing or active infection; patients with infections unlikely to be resolved within 2 weeks following screening should not be considered for the trial
• Patients must be able to swallow tablets or capsules; a patient with any gastrointestinal disease that would impair ability to swallow, retain, or absorb drug is not eligible
• Patients who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive are eligible if:
• CD4+ cell count greater or equal to 250 cells/mm^3
• If patient is on antiretroviral therapy, there must be minimal interactions or overlapping toxicity of the antiretroviral therapy with the experimental cancer treatment; for experimental cancer therapeutics with CYP3A/4 interactions, protease inhibitor therapy is disallowed; suggested regimens to replace protease inhibitor therapy include dolutegravir given with tenofovir/emtricitabine; raltegravir given with tenofovir and emtricitabine; once daily combinations that use pharmacologic boosters may not be used
• No history of non-malignancy acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining conditions other than historical low CD4+ cell counts
• Probable long-term survival with HIV if cancer were not present
• Any prior therapy, radiotherapy (except palliative radiation therapy of 30 gray [Gy] or less), or major surgery must have been completed >= 4 weeks prior to start of treatment; all adverse events due to prior therapy have resolved to a grade 1 or better (except alopecia and lymphopenia) by start of treatment; palliative radiation therapy must have been completed at least 2 weeks prior to start of treatment; the radiotherapy must not be to a lesion that is included as measurable disease
• NOTE: Prostate cancer patients may continue their luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist
• NOTE: For patients entering the study via the original screening process, patients may receive non-protocol treatment after biopsy (if clinically indicated) until they receive notification of results; however, lack of response must be documented prior to registration to Step 1; new non-protocol treatment will NOT be permitted as intervening therapy after registration to Step 0; the only intervening treatment permitted is prior therapy that the patient already received prior to Step 0 registration; the decision to stop the intervening non-protocol treatment will be left up to the treating physician if patient has an aMOI; however, patients will need to be off such therapy for at least 4 weeks before receiving any MATCH protocol treatment
• NOTE: For patients entering the study via a designated outside laboratory, no intervening systemic non-protocol treatment is permitted after Step 0 registration; all other eligibility requirements still apply to these patients, including the washouts for prior therapy noted above in this section, the time restrictions outlined, and the eligibility criteria for the intended subprotocol
• Patients with brain metastases or primary brain tumors must have completed treatment, surgery or radiation therapy >= 4 weeks prior to start of treatment
• Patients must have discontinued steroids >= 1 week prior to registration to Step 0 and remain off steroids thereafter, except as permitted (see below); patients with glioblastoma (GBM) must have been on stable dose of steroids, or be off steroids, for one week prior to registration to treatment (Step 1, 3, 5, 7)
• NOTE: The following steroids are permitted (low dose steroid use is defined as prednisone 10 mg daily or less, or bioequivalent dose of other corticosteroid):
• Temporary steroid use: e.g. for computed tomography (CT) imaging in setting of contrast allergy
• Low dose steroid use for appetite
• Chronic inhaled steroid use
• Steroid injections for joint disease
• Stable dose of replacement steroid for adrenal insufficiency or low doses for non-malignant disease
• Topical steroid
• Steroids required to manage toxicity related to study treatment, as described in the subprotocols
• Steroids required as pre- or post-chemotherapy medication for acceptable intervening chemotherapy
• NOTE: Steroids must be completed alongside last dose of chemotherapy
• Leukocytes >= 3,000/mcL (within 2 weeks prior to screening step registration and within 4 weeks prior to treatment step registration)
• Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,500/mcL (within 2 weeks prior to screening step registration and within 4 weeks prior to treatment step registration)
• Platelets >= 100,000/mcL (within 2 weeks prior to screening step registration and within 4 weeks prior to treatment step registration)
• NOTE: Patients with documented bone marrow involvement by lymphoma are not required to meet the above hematologic parameters, but must have a platelet count of at least 75,000/mcL and neutrophil count of at least 1,000/mcL
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (unless documented Gilbert's syndrome, for which bilirubin =< 3 x institutional ULN is permitted) (within 2 weeks prior to screening step registration and within 4 weeks prior to treatment step registration)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) =< 2.5 x institutional ULN (up to 5 times ULN in presence of liver metastases) (within 2 weeks prior to screening step registration and within 4 weeks prior to treatment step registration)
• Creatinine clearance >= 45 mL/min/1.73 m^2 for patients with creatinine levels above institutional normal
• As defined by the Cockcroft-Gault equation (within 2 weeks prior to screening step registration and within 4 weeks prior to treatment step registration)
• Patients must have an electrocardiogram (ECG) within 8 weeks prior to registration to screening step and must meet the following cardiac criteria:
• Resting corrected QT interval (QTc) =< 480 msec
• NOTE: If the first recorded QTc exceeds 480 msec, two additional, consecutive ECGs are required and must result in a mean resting QTc =< 480 msec; it is recommended that there are 10-minute (+/- 5 minutes) breaks between the ECGs
• The following only need to be assessed if the mean QTc > 480 msec
• Check potassium and magnesium serum levels
• Correct any identified hypokalemia and/or hypomagnesemia and may repeat ECG to confirm exclusion of patient due to QTc
• For patients with heart rate (HR) 60-100 beats per minute (bpm), no manual read of QTc is required
• For patients with baseline HR < 60 or > 100 bpm, manual read of QT by trained personnel is required, with Fridericia correction applied to determine QTc
• Patient must not have hypokalemia (value < institutional lower limit of normal)
• No factors that increase the risk of QTc prolongation or risk of arrhythmic events such as heart failure, congenital long QT syndrome, family history of long QT syndrome or unexplained sudden death under 40 years of age or any concomitant medication known to prolong the QT interval
• NOTE: Patient must be taken off prohibited medication prior to registration to the screening step (Step 0, 2, 4, 6) and remain off these medications thereafter, unless permitted on a subprotocol for the management of treatment related toxicity; patient must be off the drug for at least 5 half-lives prior to registration to the treatment step (Step 1, 3, 5, 7); the medication half-life can be found in the package insert for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs
• ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR FIRST TREATMENT (STEP 1)
• If patients have been biopsied or submitted archived tumor tissue obtained within the last 6 months for assessment with the MATCH assays, patients may receive non-protocol treatment after biopsy/tissue submission (if clinically indicated) until they receive notification of results however, lack of response must be documented prior to registration to step 1; new non-protocol treatment will NOT be permitted as intervening therapy after registration to Step 0; for pat

• Diagnosed with neuroblastoma either by histological verification of neuroblastoma and/or demonstration of tumor cells in the bone marrow with increased urinary catecholamines
• Patients must have high-risk neuroblastoma with at least ONE of the following: 1. Recurrent/progressive disease at any time 2. Refractory disease (i.e. less than a partial response to frontline therapy) 3. Persistent disease after at least a partial response to frontline therapy (i.e. patient has had at least a partial response to frontline therapy but still has residual disease by MIBG, CT/MRI, or bone marrow)
• Patients must have at least ONE of the following sites of disease: 1. Measurable tumor on MRI or CT scan or X-ray 2. MIBG scan with positive uptake at minimum of one site 3. Bone marrow with tumor cells seen on routine morphology
• Patients with a history of complete surgical resection of CNS lesions are eligible if there is no evidence of CNS lesions (MRI or CT required) at study entry evaluation and if other entry criteria are met
• Patients must have a performance status of 0, 1 or 2 (Appendix I). Patients who are unable to walk because of paralysis or tumor pain, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score
• Patients must have a life expectancy of greater than or equal to 8 weeks
• Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy prior to entering this study 1. Must not have received myelosuppressive chemotherapy and/or biologics within 3 weeks of entry onto this study (4 weeks if prior nitrosourea) 2. Patients must not have received radiation for a minimum of two weeks prior 3. Patients are eligible 12 weeks after autologous stem cell transplant 4. Minimum of six weeks is required following prior therapeutic doses of MIBG. 5. There is no limit on number of prior regimens 6. Must not have received any hematopoietic growth factors within 7 days/ 7. Prior therapy with fenretinide and/or fenretinide + ketoconazole is allowed if no DLT's were experienced. Prior therapy with other retinoids
• Patients must NOT receive other anti-cancer agents while on study
• Palliative radiation is allowed to sites that will not be used to measure response during this study
• All patients must have adequate organ function defined as: 1. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 8.0 2. ANC greater than or equal to 500 (7 days after last dose of growth factor) 3. Platelet count: greater than or equal to 50,000 at least one week since last platelet transfusion 4. Age-adjusted serum creatinine < 1.5 x normal for age 5. Patient must have normal cardiac function documented by ejection fraction (> 55%) documented by echocardiogram or radionuclide MUGA evaluation or fractional shortening ( > 27%) documented by echocardiogram and EKG must demonstrate no abnormality severe enough to justify cardiac medications and baseline QTc interval less than or equal to 450 msecs 6. Total bilirubin less than or equal to 1.5 x normal for age 7. SGPT (ALT) and SGOT (AST) less than or equal to 3 x normal for age 8. Normal prothrombin time (PT) for age 9. Baseline hepatitis titers without evidence of acute/active hepatitis 10. Serum triglycerides < 300mg/dL fasting or on a random plasma test 11. Serum calcium < 11.6mg/dL 12. No hematuria and/or proteinuria greater than 1+ on urinalysis
• Patients with a seizure disorder are study eligible if seizures are controlled on anticonvulsants
• Normal lung function as manifested by no dyspnea at rest and no oxygen requirement
• Negative serum beta-HCG in females, and use of effective contraception in males and females of child-bearing potential, is required
• Skin toxicity no greater than grade 1
• Patients with known genetic metabolic conditions, or other ongoing serious medical issues, must be approved by the Study Chair prior to registration
• Patients with CNS parenchymal or meningeal-based lesions that are present at study entry evaluation are NOT eligible
• Pregnancy or breast feeding. Due to the potential teratogenic effects of retinoids, pregnant women are NOT eligible. Breast milk feeding by study patient is NOT allowed
• Patients with history of organ and allogeneic stem cell transplantation
• Patients with a known history of allergy to soy products
• Patients with a known history of a severe allergy or sensitivity to wheat gluten
• Patients requiring anti-arrhythmia cardiac medications are NOT eligible
• Prior therapy with fenretinide, or fenretinide + ketoconazole, if DLT's were experienced
• A known history of intolerance to ketoconazole
• A known history of intolerance to vincristine
• Patients on other essential medications for which an interaction with ketoconazole can be expected and for which dose reductions to other essential medications cannot be made in a manner adequate to ensure patient safety
• Patients who, in the opinion of the investigator, may not be able to comply with the safety monitoring requirements of the study
• Active hepatitis
• Baseline cardiac QTc interval > 450 msecs

• Patient must be newly diagnosed or relapsed/progressed with a brain tumor that has not previously been treated with CRT
• Note: COG therapeutic study participation is not required for ACCL10P1 enrollment
• Patient enrollment must occur within 4 calendar months following completion of CRT
• Reminder: after patient enrollment, baseline testing followed by randomization must occur within 2-4 months after completion of CRT
• The patient must have an identified caregiver who is willing and able to oversee the training practice during the intervention period (ie, for 5-9 weeks starting approximately 3 months after completion of CRT)
• The patient must have access to a telephone and phone number where they can be reached
• The patient and caregiver must have reading, speaking and listening comprehension of English
• All patients and/or their parents or legal guardians must sign a written informed consent (patient assent is also recommended when applicable according to each institution?s policy)
• All institutional, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and National Cancer Institute (NCI) requirements for human studies must be met
• Patients with pontine glioma are not eligible
• Patients with an estimated survival of less than one year are not eligible
• Patients with a history of traumatic brain injury prior to tumor diagnosis are not eligible
• Patients with a motor, visual, or auditory handicap that prevents computer use (e.g., unresolved posterior fossa syndrome) are not eligible to participate in this trial
• Patients with full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) < 70 per previous testing OR existing diagnosis of/educational classification as a student with an intellectual disability are not eligible

Inclusion criteria: Patients with Pompe disease who previously completed a neoGAA study. The patient and/or their parent/legal guardian is willing and able to provide signed informed consent, and the patient, if <18 years of age, is willing to provide assent if deemed able to do so. The patient (and patient's legal guardian if patient is <18 years of age) must have the ability to comply with the clinical protocol. The patient, if female and of childbearing potential, must have a negative pregnancy test [urine beta-human chorionic gonadotropin] at baseline. Exclusion criteria: The patient is concurrently participating in another clinical study using investigational treatment. The patient, in the opinion of the Investigator, is unable to adhere to the requirements of the study. The patient has clinically significant organic disease (with the exception of symptoms relating to Pompe disease), including clinically significant cardiovascular, hepatic, pulmonary, neurologic, or renal disease, or other medical condition, serious intercurrent illness, or extenuating circumstance that, in the opinion of the Investigator, precludes participation in the study or potentially decreases survival. The above information is not intended to contain all considerations relevant to a patient's potential participation in a clinical trial.

• All patients must have a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of neuroblastoma, < 30.99 years of age and classified as high risk at the time of diagnosis. Exception: patients who are initially diagnosed as non-high-risk neuroblastoma, but later converted (and/or relapsed) to high risk neuroblastoma are also eligible.
• All patients must be in complete remission (CR): 1. No evidence of residual disease on scan 2. No evidence of disease metastatic to bone marrow.
• Specific Criteria by Stratum: Stratum 1: All patients must have completed standard upfront therapy that replicates treatment which patients who were enrolled on ANBL0032 received, including: intensive induction chemotherapy and (if feasible) resection of primary tumor, followed by: consolidation with high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant and radiotherapy, followed by: immunotherapy with Ch14.18/IL-2/GM-CSF (dinutuximab) and retinoic acid;. All subjects on Stratum 1 must have also met the following criteria: • A pre-transplant disease status evaluation that met International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria (INRC) for CR (complete response), VGPR (very good partial response), or PR (partial response) for primary site, soft tissue metastases and bone metastases. Patients who meet those criteria must also meet the protocol-specified criteria for bone marrow response prior to transplant as outlined below: No more than 10% tumor involvement (based on total nucleated cellular content) seen on any specimen from a bilateral bone marrow aspirate/biopsy. Stratum 2: Neuroblastoma that is in first complete remission following standard upfront therapy different from that described for Stratum 1. Stratum 3: Neuroblastoma that failed to have a response of at least PR following induction chemotherapy and surgical resection of the primary tumor, but that has achieved CR following additional therapy. Stratum 4: Patients who have achieved a second or subsequent CR following relapse(s).
• Pre-enrollment tumor survey: Prior to enrollment on this study, a determination of mandatory disease staging must be performed:
• Tumor imaging studies including
• Bilateral bone marrow aspirates and biopsy
• This disease assessment is required for eligibility and preferably should be done within 2 weeks prior to enrollment, but must be done within a maximum of 4 weeks before enrollment.
• Timing from prior therapy: Stratum 1: Enrollment no later than 60 days after completion of upfront therapy, (last dose of cis-retinoic acid) with a maximum of 6 cycles of cis-retinoic acid maintenance therapy. Stratum 2, 3 and 4: Enrollment no later than 60 days from last dose of the most recent therapy.
• Patients must have a Lansky or Karnofsky Performance Scale score of > 50% and patients must have a life expectancy of ≥ 2 months.
• All clinical and laboratory studies for organ functions to determine eligibility must be performed within 7 days prior to enrollment unless otherwise indicated below.
• Patients must have adequate organ functions at the time of registration:
• Hematological: Total absolute phagocyte count ≥1000/μL
• Liver: Subjects must have adequate liver function
• Renal: Adequate renal function
• Females of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test. Patients of childbearing potential must agree to use an effective birth control method. Female patients who are lactating must agree to stop breast-feeding.
• Written informed consent in accordance with institutional and FDA (food and drug administration) guidelines must be obtained from all subjects (or patients' legal representative).
• BSA (Body Surface Area) of <0.25 m2.
• Investigational Drugs: Subjects who are currently receiving another investigational drug are excluded from participation.
• Anti-cancer Agents: Subjects who are currently receiving other anticancer agents are not eligible. Subjects must have fully recovered from hematological and bone marrow suppression effects of prior chemotherapy.
• Infection: Subjects who have an uncontrolled infection are not eligible until the infection is judged to be well controlled in the opinion of the investigator.
• Subjects who, in the opinion of the investigator, may not be able to comply with the safety monitoring requirements of the study, or in whom compliance is likely to be suboptimal, should be excluded.

• 18 years or older and able to stand (with or without limited assistance)
• Clinical diagnosis of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension associated with Primary Autonomic Failure (PD, MSA or PAF) or NDAN or DBH Deficiency
• Score of at least 4 or greater on Orthostatic Hypotension Symptom Assessment (OHSA) Item #1 (measured at Screening [Visit 1] and the first Titration Visit [Visit 2a] prior to dosing)
• A documented drop of at least 20 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in SBP, within 3 minutes of standing. This can either be documented in the patient history or assessed during Screening prior to the first Titration Visit (Visit 2a)
• Provide written informed consent to participate in the study and understand that they may withdraw their consent at any time without prejudice to their future medical care Additional inclusion criteria for patients taking prescribed droxidopa prior to study entry: Patients who are taking prescribed droxidopa therapy are eligible to participate in the study if they meet the other inclusion criteria and also have been on a stable dose of prescribed droxidopa for at least 2 weeks prior to the Screening Visit (Visit 1). In addition, they must meet either of the following at the Screening Visit (Visit 1):
• The patient's Visit 1 OHSA Item #1 score is ≥ 7 AND the prescribed dose is ≤ 300 mg three times daily (TID); OR
• The patient's Visit 1 OHSA Item #1 score is ≤6 AND worsens by ≥ 2 units when retested after washing out of droxidopa for at least 3 days
• In the investigator's opinion, the patient is not able to understand or cooperate with study procedures
• Known or suspected alcohol or substance use disorder within the past 12 months (DSM-5 criteria)
• Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
• Women of childbearing potential (WOCP) who are not using at least one method of contraception with their partner
• Sustained supine hypertension greater than or equal to 180 mmHg systolic or 110 mmHg diastolic. Sustained is defined as the average of 3 observations each at least 10 minutes apart with the patient having been supine and at rest for at least 5 minutes prior to each measurement.
• Untreated closed angle glaucoma
• Diagnosis of hypertension that requires treatment with antihypertensive medications (short-acting antihypertensives to treat nocturnal supine hypertension are allowed in this study)
• Any significant uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia
• History of myocardial infarction or stroke, within the past 2 years
• Current unstable angina
• Congestive heart failure (NYHA Class 3 or 4)
• Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
• History of cancer within the past 2 years other than a successfully treated, non-metastatic cutaneous squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma or cervical cancer in situ
• Any major surgical procedure within the past 30 days
• Currently receiving any investigational drug or have received an investigational drug within the past 28 days Additional protocol defined exclusion criteria do apply

• PRIOR TO STEP 1 REGISTRATION:
• The patient must have a newly diagnosed unifocal intracranial meningioma, gross totally resected, and histologically confirmed as WHO grade II based upon pathology findings at the enrolling institution; WHO grade will be assigned according to WHO 2016 criteria
• Gross total resection (GTR) will be interpreted as modified Simpson grade 1-3 without gross residual dural-based or extradural tumor; GTR must be confirmed both by modified Simpson grade and by post-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings
• Step 1 registration must occur within 180 days of the initial surgery; within this 180 day interval, a second surgery is permitted in order to achieve GTR, but even with a second surgery, step 1 registration must occur within 180 days of the initial resection
• For step 1 registration the operating neurosurgeon must provide the modified Simpson grade
• GTR must be confirmed on post-operative imaging following the most recent surgery; submission of both pre-operative and post-operative MRIs is required for patients; if a second surgery is performed, submission of post-operative MRI is required and pre-operative MRI is required only if obtained; all sequences obtained in the pre- and post-operative MR imaging are to be submitted to National Radiology Group (NRG) Oncology for study registration; imaging subsequent to enrollment must include pre and post gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional spoiled gradient (SPGR), magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE), or turbo field echo (TFE) MRI scan and an axial T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence; to yield acceptable image quality, the gadolinium contrast-enhanced three-dimensional SPGR, MP-RAGE, or TFE axial MRI scan should use the smallest possible axial slice thickness not exceeding 1.5 mm; the post-operative MRI must be completed within sufficient time to permit step 1 registration within 180 days of the initial resection; these same conditions apply in the setting of a second surgical procedure, although if a second surgery is completed, step 1 registration must still occur with 180 days of initial surgery; computed tomography (CT) imaging is not required, but may be obtained if desired clinically, for instance to assess calcifications or hyperostosis
• The patient or a legally authorized representative must provide study-specific informed consent prior to study entry
• If the patient is a primary English speaker, the patient must participate in the NCF and patient reported outcomes part of the study; if the patient is a primary French or Spanish speaker, the patient must participate in the patient reported outcomes part of the study
• NOTE: Central pathology review must occur between steps 1 and 2 of registration; once appropriate pathology specimens are received, central pathology review will occur within 15 days, and must confirm WHO grade II meningioma before the patient can proceed to step 2 registration and randomization
• PRIOR TO STEP 2 REGISTRATION:
• Histologically confirmed diagnosis of WHO grade II meningioma confirmed by central pathology review prior to step 2 registration
• History/physical examination, including neurologic examination within 60 days prior to step 2 registration
• Post-operative Zubrod performance status 0-1 within 60 days prior to step 2 registration
• If the patient is a woman is of childbearing potential, a serum pregnancy test, obtained within 14 days prior to step 2 registration, must be negative, and, if randomized to receive radiation therapy, the woman must agree to use contraception
• Optic nerve sheath meningioma, spinal or other extracranial meningioma, multiple meningiomas, hemangiopericytoma
• Definitive evidence of metastatic meningioma
• Prior invasive malignancy (except non-melanomatous skin cancer) unless disease free for a minimum of 3 years (carcinoma in situ of the breast, oral cavity, cervix, melanoma in situ, or other non-invasive malignancies are permissible)
• Previous radiotherapy to the scalp, cranium, brain, or skull base and radiation-induced meningiomas
• Major medical illnesses or psychiatric impairments, which in the investigators opinion, will prevent administration or completion of the protocol therapy and/or preclude informed consent; these include, but are not restricted to:
• Unstable angina and/or congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization at the time of step 2 registration
• Transmural myocardial infarction within the last 6 months prior to step 2 registration
• Acute bacterial or fungal infection requiring intravenous antibiotics at the time of step 2 registration
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation or other respiratory illness requiring hospitalization or precluding study therapy at the time of step 2 registration
• Type II neurofibromatosis (NF2)
• Ailments entailing substantial increases in sensitivity and side effect risk from radiation therapy (ataxia telangiectasia, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with CD4 count < 200 cells/microliter); HIV testing is not required for eligibility for this protocol, and known HIV positive patients are eligible, provided they are under treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and have a CD4 count >= 200 cells/microliter within 30 days prior to step 2 registration
• Inability to undergo MRI with and without contrast (e.g. claustrophobia, non-MRI compatible implant or foreign body, etc) or receive gadolinium; note that patients with severe claustrophobia are permitted on this study if they are willing and able to undergo MRI with adequate sedation or anesthesia
• Pregnancy and/or nursing females

1. Subject is able to provide, personally signed, and dated informed consent to participate in the study or will have a legally authorized representative sign the informed consent on his or her behalf before completing any study related procedures. 2. Male or female ≥ 18 years of age. 3. Has an established diagnosis of focal or generalized epilepsy or focal and generalized epilepsy with a documented history of predictable seizure episodes that includes at least one of the following:
• Generalized seizure episodes starting with a flurry of absence seizures or myoclonic seizures with a minimum duration of 5 minutes
• Episodes of a prolonged focal seizure with a minimum duration of 3 minutes
• Episodes of multiple (≥2) seizures within a 2-hour time period 4. Prior to randomization, has experienced ≥4 seizure episodes with predictable pattern during the last 4 weeks (qualification period) and no more than one week without a predictable seizure episode before entry into the in-patient unit. 5. Female participants (if of child-bearing potential and sexually active) and male participants (if sexually active with a partner of child-bearing potential) who agree to use a medically acceptable and effective birth control method throughout the study and for 1 week following the end of the study. Medically acceptable methods of contraception that may be used by the participant and/or his/her partner include abstinence, birth control pills or patches, diaphragm with spermicide,intrauterine device (IUD), surgical sterilization, and progestin implant or injection. Prohibited methods include: the rhythm method, withdrawal, condoms alone, or diaphragm alone. 6. Subject is able to comply by the requirements of the protocol, particularly the requirements and specific Institution policies during the in-clinic stay. 1. History or diagnosis of non-epileptic seizures (e.g. metabolic or pseudo-seizures). 2. History of status epilepticus in the 6 months prior to Screening 3. Has a progressive neurological disorder such as brain tumor, demyelinating disease, or degenerative central nervous system (CNS) disease that is likely to progress in the next 3 months 4. Use of strong CYP 3A4 inhibitors; including azole antifungal agents (e.g., etoconazole, itraconazole), nefazodone, fluvoxamine, cimetidine, HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) 5. Has severe chronic cardio-respiratory disease 6. History of HIV-positivity. 7. Pregnant or breast-feeding. 8. Clinically significant renal or hepatic insufficiency (hepatic transaminases >2 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) or creatinine ≥ 1.5 x ULN). 9. History of acute narrow angle glaucoma, Parkinson's disease, hydrocephalus, or history of significant head trauma. 10. Subjects who use medications to treat airways disease, such as asthma or COPD or have any acute respiratory signs/symptoms (e.g., wheezing). 11. Use of any investigational drug within 30 days or 5 half-lives of the investigational drug prior to administration of study medication, whichever is longer 12. A history within the past 1 year of drug or alcohol dependence or abuse. 13. Positive urine screen for drugs of abuse at Screening.(positive Cannabis/Cannabinol results are acceptable if there is a documented history of stable use for medical purposes). 14. Known allergy or hypersensitivity to alprazolam. 15. History of glaucoma. 16. Subjects who currently have an active major psychiatric disorder where changes in pharmacotherapy are needed or anticipated during the study. 17. Hypotension (systolic blood pressure ≤90 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≤50 mm Hg), or hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥100 mm Hg) measured while seated at screening or baseline. 18. Significant hepatic, renal, gastroenterologic, cardiovascular (including ischemic heart disease and congestive heart failure), endocrine, neurologic or hematologic disease. 19. Subjects who, in the opinion of the Investigator, should not participate in the study for any reason, including if there is a question about the stability or capability of the subject to comply with the trial requirements.

1. Subject's parent(s) or legal guardian(s) has (have) provided written informed consent and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) authorization, where applicable, prior to any study-related procedures; participants will be asked to give written or verbal assent according to local requirements 2. Subject has a centrally confirmed (by TRiNDS central genetic counselor[s]) diagnosis of DMD as defined as:
• Dystrophin immunofluorescence and/or immunoblot showing complete dystrophin deficiency, and clinical picture consistent with typical DMD, OR
• Identifiable mutation within the DMD gene (deletion/duplication of one or more exons), where reading frame can be predicted as 'out-of-frame,' and clinical picture consistent with typical DMD, OR
• Complete dystrophin gene sequencing showing an alteration (point mutation, duplication, other) that is expected to preclude production of the dystrophin protein (i.e., nonsense mutation, deletion/duplication leading to a downstream stop codon), with a clinical picture consistent with typical DMD; 3. Subject is ≥ 4 years and <7 years of age at time of enrollment in the study; 4. Subject weighs >13.0 kg and ≤ 39.9 kg at the Screening Visit; 5. Subject is able to walk independently without assistive devices; 6. Subject is able to complete the Time to Stand Test (TTSTAND) without assistance in <10 seconds, as assessed at the Screening Visit; 7. Clinical laboratory test results are within the normal range at the Screening Visit, or if abnormal, are not clinically significant, in the opinion of the Investigator. [Notes: Serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatinine, and total bilirubin all must be ≤ upper limit of the normal range at the Screening Visit. An abnormal vitamin D level that is considered clinically significant will not exclude a subject from randomization]; 8. Subject has evidence of chicken pox immunity as determined by:
• Presence of IgG antibodies to varicella, as documented by a positive test result from the local laboratory from blood collected during the Screening Period, OR
• Documentation, provided at the Screening Visit, that the subject has had 2 doses of varicella vaccine, with or without serologic evidence of immunity; the second of the 2 immunizations must have been given at least 14 days prior to randomization. 9. Subject is able to swallow tablets, as confirmed by successful test swallowing of placebo tablets during the Screening Period; and 10. Subject and parent(s)/guardian(s) are willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, study drug administration plan, and study procedures. 1. Subject has current or history of major renal or hepatic impairment, diabetes mellitus or immunosuppression; 2. Subject has current or history of chronic systemic fungal or viral infections; 3. Subject has had an acute illness within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study medication; 4. Subject has used mineralocorticoid receptor agents, such as spironolactone, eplerenone, canrenone (canrenoate potassium), prorenone (prorenoate potassium), mexrenone (mexrenoate potassium) within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study medication; 5. Subject has a history of primary hyperaldosteronism; 6. Subject has evidence of symptomatic cardiomyopathy [Note: Asymptomatic cardiac abnormality on investigation would not be exclusionary]; 7. Subject is currently being treated or has received previous treatment with oral glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressive agents [Notes: Past transient use of oral glucocorticoids or other oral immunosuppressive agents for no longer than 1 month cumulative, with last use at least 3 months prior to first dose of study medication, will be considered for eligibility on a case-by-case basis, unless discontinued for intolerance. Inhaled and/or topical glucocorticoids are permitted if last use is at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study medication or if administered at stable dose beginning at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study medication and anticipated to be used at the stable dose regimen for the duration of the study]; 8. Subject has an allergy or hypersensitivity to the study medication or to any of its constituents; 9. Subject has used idebenone within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study medication; 10. Subject has severe behavioral or cognitive problems that preclude participation in the study, in the opinion of the Investigator; 11. Subject has previous or ongoing medical condition, medical history, physical findings or laboratory abnormalities that could affect safety, make it unlikely that treatment and follow-up will be correctly completed or impair the assessment of study results, in the opinion of the Investigator; 12. Subject is taking (or has taken within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study medication) herbal remedies and supplements which can impact muscle strength and function (e.g., Co-enzyme Q10, creatine, etc); 13. Subject is taking (or has taken within 3 months prior to the first dose of study medication) any medication indicated for DMD, including Exondys51 and Translarna; 14. Subject has been administered a live attenuated vaccine within 14 days prior to the first dose of study medication; 15. Subject is currently taking any other investigational drug or has taken any other investigational drug within 3 months prior to the first dose of study medication; 16. Subject has a sibling who is currently enrolled in any vamorolone study or Expanded Access Program, or who intends to enroll in any vamorolone study or Expanded Access Program during the subject's participation in the VBP15-004 study; or 17. Subject has previously been enrolled in the study. Note: Any parameter/test may be repeated at the Investigator's discretion during Screening to determine reproducibility. In addition, subjects may be rescreened if ineligible due to a transient condition which would prevent the subject from participating, such as an upper respiratory tract infection or injury, or if ineligible due to negative anti-varicella IgG antibody test result.

• Patients must have had histologic verification of neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma or demonstration of neuroblastoma cells in the bone marrow with elevated urinary catecholamines (i.e. > 2 x upper limit of normal [ULN]), at the time of initial diagnosis.
• For the purposes of this study, aggressive multidrug chemotherapy is defined as chemotherapy including 2 or more agents that must include an alkylating agent and a platinum-containing compound. Patients must have ONE of the following:
• First episode of recurrent disease following completion of aggressive multi-drug frontline therapy.
• First episode of progressive disease during aggressive multi-drug frontline therapy.
• Primary resistant/refractory disease (less than partial response by International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria [INRC]) detected at the conclusion of at least 4 cycles of aggressive multidrug induction chemotherapy on or according to a high-risk neuroblastoma protocol (examples include A3973, ANBL0532, ANBL09P1, ANBL12P1, ANBL1531, etc.).
• Patients must have at least ONE of the following:
• Measurable tumor on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan obtained within 3 weeks prior to study entry. Measurable is defined as >= 10 mm in at least one dimension on spiral/helical CT that is metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) avid or demonstrates increased fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
• MIBG-avid lesion detected on MIBG scan obtained within 3 weeks prior to study entry with positive uptake at a minimum of one site. This site must represent disease recurrence after completion of therapy, progressive disease on therapy, or refractory disease during induction.
• Patients with resistant/refractory soft tissue disease that is not MIBG avid or does not demonstrate increased FDG uptake on PET scan must undergo biopsy to document the presence of viable neuroblastoma. Biopsy is not required for patients who have a new site of soft tissue disease (radiographic evidence of disease progression) regardless of whether progression occurs while receiving therapy or after completion of therapy.
• Patients with bone marrow disease only will be eligible if they have more than 5% disease involvement (documented neuroblastoma cells) in at least one sample from bilateral bone marrow biopsies.
• Note: Patients with elevated catecholamines (i.e. > 2 x ULN) only are NOT eligible for this study.
• Patients must have a performance status corresponding to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores of 0, 1 or 2. Use Karnofsky for patients > 16 years of age and Lansky for patients =< 16 years of age.
• Primary refractory/resistant patients must have received at least 4 cycles of frontline chemotherapy. Frontline therapy may also have included surgery, chemotherapy, autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) +/- MIBG, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and retinoids but must NOT have received second line therapy for resistant/refractory, relapsed, or progressive disease. Patients who received intensified therapy for poor induction response or refractory disease (e.g. MIBG) will be considered to have received second line therapy and will not be eligible.
• At least 14 days must have elapsed since completion of myelosuppressive therapy.
• At least 7 days must have elapsed since the completion of therapy with a non-myelosuppressive biologic agent or retinoid.
• No interim time prior to study entry is required following prior radiation therapy (RT) for non-target lesions. However, patients must not have received radiation for a minimum of 4 weeks prior to study entry at the site of any lesion that will be identified as a target lesion to measure tumor response. Lesions that have been previously radiated cannot be used as target lesions unless there is radiographic evidence of progression at the site following radiation or a biopsy done following radiation shows viable neuroblastoma. Palliative radiation while on study is not permitted.
• Patients are eligible >= 6 weeks after autologous stem cell transplants or stem cell infusions (including stem cell infusions given as supportive care following 131 I-MIBG therapy) as long as hematologic and other eligibility criteria have been met.
• Patients are eligible >= 6 weeks after therapeutic 131 I-MIBG provided that all other eligibility criteria are met.
• Subjects who have previously received anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies with or without retinoids for biologic therapy are eligible unless they have had progressive disease while receiving prior anti-GD2 therapy or progressed/relapsed within 3 months of receiving anti-GD2 therapy. However, eligible patients may NOT have received anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies in combination with chemotherapy.
• Subjects who have received autologous marrow infusions or autologous stem cell infusions that were purged using monoclonal antibody linked to beads are eligible.
• Subjects who have previously received DFMO are eligible for this study provided they have not had progressive disease while receiving DFMO or progressed/relapsed within 3 months of completing DFMO.
• Patients must not have received long-acting myeloid growth factors (e.g. pegfilgrastim) within 14 days of entry on this study. Seven days must have elapsed since administration of a short-acting myeloid growth factor.
• For patients with solid tumors (without marrow involvement) including status post SCT: peripheral absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 750/uL (within 7 days prior to enrollment).
• For patients with solid tumors (without marrow involvement) including status post SCT: platelet count >= 75,000/uL (transfusion independent) (within 7 days prior to enrollment).
• Patients known to have bone marrow involvement with neuroblastoma are eligible provided that minimum ANC and platelet count criteria are met. However, these patients are not evaluable for hematological toxicity.
• Creatinine clearance or radioisotope GFR >= 70 mL/min/1.73 m^2 or a serum creatinine based on age/gender as follows:
• 1 month to < 6 months (male 0.4 mg/dL, female 0.4 mg/dL)
• 6 months to < 1 year (male 0.5 mg/dL, female 0.5 mg/dL)
• 1 to < 2 years (male 0.6 mg/dL, female 0.6 mg/dL)
• 2 to < 6 years (male 0.8 mg/dL, female 0.8 mg/dL)
• 6 to < 10 years (male 1 mg/dL, female 1 mg/dL)
• 10 to < 13 years (male 1.2 mg/dL, female 1.2 mg/dL)
• 13 to < 16 years (male 1.5 mg/dL, female 1.4 mg/dL)
• >= 16 years (male 1.7 mg/dL, female 1.4 mg/dL) (within 7 days prior to enrollment).
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x ULN for age (within 7 days prior to enrollment).
• Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) =< 5.0 x ULN for age (=< 225 U/L). For the purpose of this study, the ULN for SGPT is 45 U/L (within 7 days prior to enrollment).
• Shortening fraction of >= 27% by echocardiography (ECHO) (within 7 days prior to enrollment).
• Ejection fraction of >= 50% by ECHO or gated radionuclide study (within 7 days prior to enrollment).
• No evidence of dyspnea at rest, no exercise intolerance, no chronic oxygen requirement, and room air pulse oximetry > 94% if there is a clinical indication for pulse oximetry. Normal pulmonary function tests in patients who are capable of cooperating with testing (including diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide [DLCO)] are required if there is a clinical indication for determination. For patients who do not have respiratory symptoms, full pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are NOT required.
• Patients with a history of central nervous system (CNS) disease must have no clinical or radiological evidence of active CNS disease at the time of study enrollment.
• Patients with seizure disorders may be enrolled if seizures are well controlled on anti-convulsants.
• CNS toxicity =< grade 2.
• Men and women of childbearing potential and their partners must agree to use adequate contraception while enrolled on this study. Based on the established teratogenic potential of alkylating agents, pregnant women will be excluded from this study. Because of potential risks to breastfed infants due to drug metabolites that could be excreted in breast milk, female patients who are lactating must agree to stop breastfeeding or will otherwise be excluded from this study. Females of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test to be eligible for this study.
• Patients with only elevated catecholamines (i.e. > 2 x ULN) are NOT eligible for this study.
• Patients must have been off pharmacologic doses of systemic steroids for at least 7 days prior to enrollment. Patients who require or are likely to require pharmacologic doses of systemic corticosteroids while receiving treatment on this study are ineligible. The only exception is for patients known to require 2 mg/kg or less of hydrocortisone (or an equivalent dose of an alternative corticosteroid) as premedication for blood product administration in order to avoid allergic transfusion reactions. The use of conventional doses of inhaled steroids for the treatment of asthma is permitted, as is the use of physiologic doses of steroids for patients with known adrenal insufficiency. Patients on any other immunosuppressive medications (e.g. cyclosporine, tacrolimus) are not eligible.
• Patients must not have received enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants including phenytoin, phenobarbital, or carbamazepine for at least 7 days prior to study enrollment. Patients receiving non-enzyme inducing anticonvulsants such as gabapentin, valproic acid, or levetiracetam will be eligible.
• Patients who have received drugs that are strong inducers or inhibitors of CYP3A4 within 7 days prior to study enrollment are not eligible.
• Patients must not have been diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome or with any malignancy other than neuroblastoma.
• Patients with symptoms of congestive heart failure are not eligible.
• Patients must not have >= grade 2 diarrhea.
• Patients who are unable to tolerate oral/nasogastric/gastrostomy medications will not be eligible for this trial. Additionally, patients with significant malabsorption will not be eligible for this trial.
• Patients must not have uncontrolled infection.
• Patients with a history of grade 4 allergic reactions to anti-GD2 antibodies or reactions that required permanent discontinuation of the anti-GD2 therapy are not eligible.
• Patients with a significant intercurrent illness (any ongoing serious medical problem unrelated to cancer or its treatment) that is not covered by the detailed exclusion criteria and that is expected to interfere with the action of study agents or to significantly increase the severity of the toxicities experienced from study treatment are not eligible.

• Patients are eligible under ONE of the following criteria:
• For all cohorts except the gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) (Cohort #47), patients must have histologically and/or biochemically confirmed rare cancer and must be able to submit specimens. To be eligible for the GTD cohort: patients must have disease confirmed by quantitative serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) within 28 days prior to registration and must be able to submit blood specimens (tissue submission is not required for patients who will be registered to the GTD cohort [Cohort #47]); NOTE: Subsequent to site's Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval of revision 3, patients are NOT required to participate in EAY131 "National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice (MATCH)" to register to S1609 OR
• FOR PATIENTS WITH PD-L1 AMPLIFICATION ONLY: All solid tumors (excluding lymphoma) are allowed for the PD-L1 amplified cohort if they have PD-L1 amplification; PD-L1 amplification is defined as having deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) copy number of equal to or greater than six by any of the following Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA)-approved next generation sequencing (NGS) tests: Foundation Medicine, Caris, MSK Impact, MD Anderson, Tempus, or Neogenomics; (fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH] is not allowed); the assay must be done at or after the diagnosis of advanced disease, but PRIOR TO REGISTRATION OR
• FOR PATIENTS ENROLLED IN EAY131 "NCI-MATCH" PRIOR TO EAY131 ADDENDUM 10 ONLY: Patients must have histologically confirmed rare cancer that did not have a match to a molecularly-guided therapy on EAY131 "NCI-MATCH" protocol or who are off protocol treatment on EAY131, "NCI-MATCH" and have no further molecularly-matched treatment recommendations per EAY131, "NCI-MATCH" or who are otherwise unable to receive EAY131, "NCI-MATCH" therapy
• Patients who do not qualify for one of the histologic cohorts and are not on the ineligible histology list may be considered for registration in the "Not Otherwise Categorized" Rare Tumors cohort with confirmation of at least one of the study chairs via email
• NOTE: The "Not Otherwise Categorized" Rare Tumors cohort was permanently closed to accrual on 3/15/2019
• Patients who are determined to have a rare cancer with unknown primary site are eligible under cohort #32 (tumor of unknown primary [cancer of unknown primary; CuP]), provided that there is histologic documentation of metastatic malignancy with no discernible primary site identified from histopathologic review, physical exam and associated cross-sectional imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
• NOTE: The "Tumor of unknown primary (Cancer of Unknown Primary; CuP" cohort was permanently closed to accrual on 12/22/2017
• Patients must also meet one of the following:
• Patients must have progressed following at least one line of standard systemic therapy and there must not be other approved/standard therapy available that has been shown to prolong overall survival (i.e. in a randomized trial against another standard treatment or by comparison to historical controls); patients who cannot receive other standard therapy that has been shown to prolonged survival due to medical issues will be eligible, if other eligibility criteria are met; OR
• Patients for whose disease no standard treatment exists that has been shown to prolong overall survival
• For all cohorts except the GTD cohort (Cohort #47): Patients must have a diagnostic quality computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), performed within 28 days prior to registration, which demonstrates measurable disease, as defined in RECIST v. 1.1; scans must include imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, with the exception of patients with head/neck cancer, who must have imaging of the chest, abdomen, pelvis and neck; if there is clinical suspicion for bone metastases at the time of enrollment (in the judgement of the treating investigator) bone scan should be performed; bone scans done within 42 days prior to registration may be used to establish baseline condition at registration
• No other prior malignancy is allowed except for the following:
• Adequately managed stage I or II cancer from which the patient is currently in complete remission
• Any other cancer from which the patient has been disease free for one year
• Adequately managed stage I or II follicular thyroid or prostate cancer is also eligible, wherein patient is not required to be in complete remission
• Note: Second primary tumors are not allowed concurrent with any of the eligible rare cancers
• For all cohorts except the PD-L1 amplified tumors cohort (Cohort # 50): Patients may have received either prior anti-CTLA4 or other prior anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy, but not both, provided that it is completed >= 4 weeks prior to registration. To be eligible for the PD-L1 amplified tumors cohort (Cohort #50): Patients must not have received anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy; prior anti-CTLA-4 is allowed provided that it is completed >= 4 weeks prior to registration
• Patients who had prior grade 3 or higher immune-related adverse event (e.g. pneumonitis, hepatitis, colitis, endocrinopathy) with prior immunotherapy (e.g. cancer vaccine, cytokine, etc.) are not eligible
• Patients with clinically controlled thyroiditis or pituitary disorders on stable replacement therapy are eligible
• Patients are not eligible if they have had or are planned for solid organ transplant
• Patients with autoimmune disease who are otherwise eligible must not have received steroid and immunosuppressive therapy within 28 days prior to registration
• Patients with brain metastases or primary brain tumors must have completed treatment, surgery or radiation therapy >= 28 days prior to registration and have stable disease at time of registration; these patients must also have a CT or MRI of the brain to evaluate for CNS disease within 42 days prior to registration to S1609; metastatic brain parenchymal disease must have been treated and patient must be off steroids for 7 days prior to registration
• Patients must not currently be receiving any other investigational agents or any other systemic anti-cancer therapy (including radiation, excluding RANKL inhibitors and bisphosphonates); in event patient recently received any other systemic anti-cancer therapy, patient must be off therapy at least 7 days prior to registration and any therapy-induced toxicity must have recovered to =< grade 1, except alopecia and =< grade 2 neuropathy which are allowed; any planned radiation therapy must be completed before registration to S1609
• Patients must not have prior history of allergy or known hypersensitivity to nivolumab or ipilimumab
• Hormonal or endocrine blockade is permitted as long as patient has demonstrated progression on prior therapy (e.g. gonadotrophin releasing hormone [GnRH], somatostatin); long-acting somatostatin analogs (including octreotide) and androgen deprivation treatment (including long-acting leuprolide) are permitted while on protocol therapy
• Patients must have a Zubrod performance status of 0-2
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1,000/mcL (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Platelets >= 75,000/mcL (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dL (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Total bilirubin =< 2.0 x institutional upper limit of normal (IULN) or for documented/suspected Gilbert's disease, total bilirubin =< 3.0 x IULN (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) both =< 3 x IULN (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Serum creatinine =< 2.0 x IULN (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Creatinine clearance (CrCl) >= 50 mL/min., as estimated by the Cockcroft and Gault formula; estimated creatinine clearance is based on actual body weight (within 28 days prior to registration)
• Patients must have adequate thyroid function, as evidenced by either thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or, free thyroxine (T4) serum tests demonstrating values within the normal range, within 28 days prior to registration; Note: TSH, with reflex T4 is allowable if per institutional standard; patients who have undergone thyroidectomy or who are on thyroid suppression for their cancer are not required to have normal TSH and free T4
• Patients must have adequate adrenal axis function, as evidenced by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) values within the institutional normal ranges OR cortisol levels within institutional normal ranges (ante meridiem [AM] cortisol preferred), within 28 days prior to registration; Note: ACTH and cortisol levels are not required for patients with primary adrenal tumors (e.g. adrenocortical carcinoma)
• For women of childbearing potential, the local investigator must rule out pregnancy; Except for Cohorts 13 and 47, where tumor types may express beta-hCG, women of childbearing potential must have a serum or urine pregnancy test within 7 days prior to registration; for Cohorts 13 and 47, where tumor types may produce hCG (e.g. germ cell tumors or trophoblastic disease), other pregnancy exclusion methods should be used to rule out pregnancy, such as ultrasound examination, documented history of effective contraception, or documented infertility; all females of childbearing potential must have been demonstrated not to be pregnant within 7 days prior to registration and agree to use birth control throughout study and for 23 weeks after completion of protocol therapy; patients must not be pregnant or nursing due to risk of fetal or nursing infant harm; women of childbearing potential must have agreed to use an effective contraceptive method; a woman is considered to be of "childbearing potential" if she has had menses at any time in the preceding 12 consecutive months; in addition to routine contraceptive methods, "effective contraception" also includes heterosexual celibacy and surgery intended to prevent pregnancy (or with a side-effect of pregnancy prevention) defined as a hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy or bilateral tubal ligation; however, if at any point a previously celibate patient chooses to become heterosexually active during the time period for use of contraceptive measures outlined in the protocol, she is responsible for beginning contraceptive measures
• Men of reproductive potential must have agreed to use birth control throughout the study and for 31 weeks after completion of protocol therapy; in addition to routine contraceptive methods, "effective contraception" also includes heterosexual celibacy and surgery intended to prevent pregnancy (vasectomy); however, if at any point a previously celibate patient chooses to become heterosexually active during the time period for use of contraceptive measures outlined in the protocol, he is responsible for beginning contraceptive measures
• Patients must not have known active hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis virus (HCV) infection at time of registration; patients with HBV or HCV that have an undetectable viral load, or in the opinion of the treating investigator is well-controlled, are eligible
• Patients who are known to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive at registration are eligible at the time of registration:
• CD4+ cell count greater or equal to 250 cells/mm^3
• No history of non-malignancy acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining conditions other than historical low CD4+ cell counts
• Patients must not have active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in past 2 years (i.e., with use of disease modifying agents, immunosuppressive drugs, or corticosteroids with doses higher than prednisone 10 mg or equivalent); replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment; autoimmune diseases include but are not limited to autoimmune hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease (including ulcerative colitis and Chron's disease), as well as symptomatic disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, systemic progressive sclerosis [scleroderma], systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune vasculitis [e.g., Wegener's Granulomatosis]); CNS or motor neuropathy considered of autoimmune origin (e.g., Guillain-Barre syndrome and myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis or glomerulonephritis); vitiligo, alopecia, hypothyroidism on stable doses of thyroid replacement therapy, psoriasis not requiring systemic therapy within the past 2 years is permitted; short-term steroid premedication for contrast allergy is permitted
• Patients must not have any uncontrolled intercurrent illness including (not limited to): symptomatic congestive heart failure (CHF) (New York Heart Association [NYHA] III/IV), unstable angina pectoris or coronary angioplasty, or stenting within 24 weeks prior to registration, unstable cardiac arrhythmia (ongoing cardiac dysrhythmias of NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] version [v] 4 grade >= 2), known psychiatric illness that would limit study compliance, intra-cardiac defibrillators, known cardiac metastases, or abnormal cardiac valve morphology (>= grade 3)
• Note: Patients with history of CHF or patients who are deemed at risk because of underlying cardiovascular disease or exposure to cardiotoxic drugs should have an electrocardiogram (EKG) and echocardiogram (ECHO), as clinically indicated, at baseline and at the start of each cycle; patients who have evidence at baseline (or subsequently) of CHF, myocardial infarction (MI), cardiomyopathy, or myositis cardiac evaluation (NYHA I/II) should have additional consult by a cardiologist, including review of EKG, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), troponin, echocardiogram, as clinically indicated
• Patients must have amylase or lipase within =< 1.5 x IULN without symptoms of pancreatitis at registration, within 28 days prior to registration
• Patients must not have symptomatic interstitial lung disease or pneumonitis
• Patients must have fully recovered from any adverse effects of major surgery (to =< grade 1) at least 14 days prior to registration

• Patients with recurrent, refractory, or progressive non-hematologic malignancies (CNS or solid tumors) characterized by known or presumed Ras-Raf pathway activation will be eligible.
• Age >1 year and <18 years.
• Karnofsky Performance Scale (patients > 12 years old) or Lansky Play
•Performance Scale (patients ≤ 12 years old) > 60.
• Normal organ and marrow function as defined below:
• Absolute neutrophil count > 1,000/mcL
• Platelets > 75,000/mcL and > 7 days since last platelet transfusion. Hemoglobin > 9gm/dL and > 7 days since last red blood cell transfusion
• Not refractory to red cell or platelet transfusions
• Hepatic: Total bilirubin 1.5 times the upper limit of normal; SGPT (ALT) and SGOT (AST) < 3 times the institutional upper limit of normal.
• Renal: Serum creatinine < 1.5 times the upper limit of institutional normal for age or GFR > 70 ml/min/1.73m2.
• QTc interval < 450ms.
• Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 50%.
• Female patients of childbearing potential must have negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 72 hours of the first dose of MEK162. Patient must not be pregnant or breast-feeding. Patients of childbearing or child-fathering potential must be willing to use a medically acceptable form of birth control, which includes abstinence, while being treated on this study.
• Patient must be able to take oral/enteral medication.
• Patient, parent, or legal guardian must be able to understand and willing to provide informed consent.
• Patients must have recovered from the effects of prior therapy.
• Patients must not have any significant medical illnesses that in the investigator's opinion cannot be adequately controlled with appropriate therapy or would compromise the patient's ability to tolerate this therapy.
• History of Gilbert's syndrome.
• Patients receiving any other anticancer or experimental drug therapy.
• Use of hematopoietic growth factors within 2 weeks prior to initiation of therapy.
• Any other investigational agents within 2 weeks or ≤ 5 x t1/2 (whichever is longer) before start of study therapy
• Patients who have undergone surgery ≤ 3 weeks or who have not recovered from side effects of this procedure prior to receiving study drug.
• Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, impaired gastrointestinal function, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements.
• History or current evidence of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) or predisposing factors to RVO (e.g. uncontrolled glaucoma or ocular hypertension, history of hyperviscosity or hypercoagulability syndromes)
• History of retinal degenerative disease
• Prior therapy with a MEK inhibitor.
• Impairment of gastrointestinal function (e.g., active ulcerative disease, uncontrolled nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome).
• Patients who have a neuromuscular disorder that is associated with elevated CK (e.g., inflammatory myopathies, muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy).

1. Male and female adults. 2. Diagnosis of possible or probable AD by standard NIA criteria (McKahnn et al, 1984; McKhann et all, 2011) 3. Folstein MMSE 5-26 out of 30 4. Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) agitation/aggression subscale score > 4. On each subscale (frequency X severity), a score higher than 4 represents moderate to severe symptoms. 5. Female patients need to be post-menopausal 6. Availability of informant; patients without an informant will not be recruited. Patients who lack capacity must have a surrogate. 1. Medical contraindication to lithium treatment or prior history of intolerability to lithium treatment. Contraindications to lithium in this study include: resting tremor causing functional impairment, history of falls in the last month, untreated thyroid disease or any abnormal thyroid function test (T3, T4, or TSH), creatinine level greater than 1.5 mg/100ml or a glomerular filtration rate less than 44ml/min/ 1.73m2; blood pressure > 150/90 mm Hg; heart rate < 50 bpm; unstable cardiac disease based on history, physical examination, and ECG. 2. Medications, in combination with lithium, known to have adverse renal effects, including therapeutic or higher doses of diuretics, i.e. hydrochlorothiazide greater than 25mg daily or furosemide greater than 10mg daily. Whenever feasible, patients receiving concomitant antidepressants or antipsychotics will be washed off these medications for at least 24 hours before starting lithium. Patients who do not wish to discontinue antipsychotics or antidepressants, typically because of family member/caregiver objection, will be allowed to enter the trial provided there is no contraindication to concomitant lithium use with that specific psychotropic medication. During the trial, patients will be permitted to receive lorazepam as needed up to 1 mg/day for anxiety/insomnia, and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, e.g., zolpidem. 3. Current clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, other psychosis, or bipolar 1 disorder (DSM-IV TR criteria). 4. Current or recent (past 6 months) alcohol or substance dependence (DSM-IV TR criteria). 5. Current major depression or suicidality as assessed by the study psychiatrist. 6. Suicidal behavior or dangerous behavior with serious safety risk or risk of physical harm to self or others. 7. Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease, multiple sclerosis, CNS infection, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, other major neurological disorder. 8. Clinical stroke with residual neurological deficits. MRI findings of cerebrovascular disease (smallinfarcts, lacunes, periventricular disease) in the absence of clinical stroke with residual neurological deficits will not lead to exclusion. 9. Acute, severe, unstable medical illness. For cancer, patients with active illness or metastases will be excluded, but past history of successfully treated cancer will not lead to exclusion. 10. QTc interval > 460 ms at the time of baseline EKG is an exclusion criterion for treatment. 11. Hypernatremia as determined by serum sodium level > 150 meq/L.

• Patients must have had histologic verification of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) at original diagnosis and currently have relapsed or refractory disease; the diagnosis is made based on the following criteria
• JMML category 1 (all of the following): the diagnostic criteria must include all features in category 1 and EITHER (i) one of the features in category 2 OR (ii) two features from category 3 to make the diagnosis
• Splenomegaly
• > 1000 (1 x 10^9/uL) circulating monocytes
• < 20% blasts in the bone marrow or peripheral blood
• Absence of the t(9;22) or BCR/ABL fusion gene
• JMML category 2 (at least one of the following if at least two category 3 criteria are not present):
• Somatic mutation in RAS or PTPN11
• Clinical diagnosis of NF1 or NF1 gene mutation
• Homozygous mutation in CBL
• Monosomy 7
• JMML category 3 (at least two of the following if no category 2 criteria are met):
• Circulating myeloid precursors
• White blood cell count, > 10 000 (10 x 10^9/ uL)
• Increased hemoglobin F for age
• Clonal cytogenetic abnormality
• GM-CSF hypersensitivity
• Patients with refractory or relapsed JMML must have had at least one cycle of intensive frontline therapy or at least 2 cycles of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) demethylating agent with persistence of disease, defined by clinical symptoms or the presence of a clonal abnormality; frontline therapy is defined as one cycle of intravenous chemotherapy that includes of any of the following agents: fludarabine, cytarabine, or any anthracycline but specifically excludes oral 6-mercaptopurine; frontline therapy will also include any conditioning regimen as part of a stem cell transplant; patients who transform to AML at any point with more than 20% blasts are not eligible for this trial
• Patients must have a Lansky or Karnofsky performance status score of >= 50, corresponding to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) categories 0, 1 or 2; use Karnofsky for patients > 16 years of age and Lansky for patients =< 16 years of age; patients who are unable to walk because of paralysis, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score
• Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy prior to study enrollment
• Myelosuppressive chemotherapy: patients must have completely recovered from all acute toxic effects of chemotherapy, immunotherapy or radiotherapy prior to study enrollment; at least 14 days must have elapsed since the completion of cytotoxic therapy, with the exception of hydroxyurea
• Note: cytoreduction with hydroxyurea can be initiated and continued for up to 24 hours prior to the start of protocol therapy
• Hematopoietic growth factors: at least 14 days after the last dose of a long-acting growth factor (e.g., pegfilgrastim) or 7 days for short-acting growth factor; for agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur
• Biologic (anti-neoplastic agent): at least 7 days must have elapsed since completion of therapy with a biologic agent; for agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period prior to enrollment must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur
• Monoclonal antibodies:
• At least 30 days after the completion of any type of immunotherapy, e.g. tumor vaccines
• At least 3 half-lives must have elapsed since prior therapy that included a monoclonal antibody
• Radiotherapy:
• >= 2 weeks must have elapsed since local palliative external radiation therapy (XRT) (small port)
• >= 6 months must have elapsed if prior craniospinal XRT was received, if >= 50% of the pelvis was irradiated, or if traumatic brain injury (TBI) was received
• >= 4 weeks must have elapsed if other substantial bone marrow irradiation was given
• Stem cell transplant or rescue without TBI: no evidence of active graft versus (vs.) host disease and >= 3 months must have elapsed since transplant
• Patients must not be known to be refractory to red blood cell or platelet transfusions
• Creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >= 70 mL/min/1.73 m^2 or a serum creatinine based on age/gender as follows (must be performed within 7 days prior to enrollment):
• Age: Maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL)
• 1 month to < 6 months: 0.4 (male) 0.4 (female)
• 6 months to < 1 year: 0.5 (male) 0.5 (female)
• 1 to < 2 years: 0.6 (male) 0.6 (female)
• 2 to < 6 years: 0.8 (male) 0.8 (female)
• 6 to < 10 years: 1 (male) 1 (female)
• 10 to < 13 years: 1.2 (male) 1.2 (female)
• 13 to < 16 years: 1.5 (male) 1.4 (female)
• >= 16 years: 1.7 (male) 1.4 (female)
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) for age (must be performed within 7 days prior to enrollment)
• Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) =< 3 x ULN (=< 135 U/L) (for the purpose of this study, the ULN for SGPT is 45 U/L) (must be performed within 7 days prior to enrollment)
• Serum albumin >= 2 g/dL (must be performed within 7 days prior to enrollment)
• Shortening fraction of >= 27% by echocardiogram OR ejection fraction of >= 50% by multi-gated acquisition (MUGA)
• Corrected QT (by Bazett's formula [QTcB]) interval < 450 msecs
• Patients must be able to swallow tablets or liquid; use of a nasogastric or gastrostomy (G) tube is also allowed
• Patients who are pregnant or breast-feeding are not eligible for this study as there is yet no available information regarding human fetal or teratogenic toxicities; negative pregnancy tests must be obtained in girls who are post-menarchal; patients of reproductive potential may not participate unless they have agreed to use an effective contraceptive method for the duration of study therapy; women of childbearing potential should be advised to use effective contraception for 4 months after the last dose of trametinib; trametinib may also potentially be secreted in milk and therefore breastfeeding women are excluded; female patients should not breastfeed during treatment with trametinib, and for 4 months following the last dose; male patients must use a condom during intercourse and agree not to father a child during therapy and for 4 months following discontinuation of trametinib to avoid unnecessary exposure of trametinib to the fetus
• Concomitant Medications
• Corticosteroids: patients requiring corticosteroids who have not been on a stable or decreasing dose of corticosteroid for the 7 days prior to enrollment are not eligible; if used to modify immune adverse events related to prior therapy, >= 14 days must have elapsed since last dose of corticosteroid
• Note: hydrocortisone used as a pre-medication to prevent transfusion related reactions is not considered a concomitant corticosteroid
• Investigational drugs: patients who are currently receiving another investigational drug are not eligible
• Anti-cancer agents: patients who are currently receiving other anti-cancer agents are not eligible (except patients receiving hydroxyurea, which may be continued until 24 hours prior to start of protocol therapy)
• Anti-graft versus host disease (GVHD) or agents to prevent organ rejection post-transplant: patients who are receiving cyclosporine, tacrolimus or other agents to prevent either graft-versus-host disease post bone marrow transplant or organ rejection post-transplant are not eligible for this trial
• Cardiac medications: any medications for treatment of left ventricular systolic dysfunction
• Patients who have an uncontrolled infection are not eligible
• Patients who in the opinion of the investigator may not be able to comply with the safety monitoring requirements of the study are not eligible
• Patients with a history of hepatic sinusoid obstructive syndrome (veno-occlusive disease) within the prior 3 months
• Patients with a history of current evidence/risk of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) or central serous retinopathy (CSR)
• Patients with a history of RVO or CSR, or predisposing factors to RVO or CSR (e.g., uncontrolled glaucoma or ocular hypertension)
• Uncontrolled systemic disease(s) such as hypertension or diabetes mellitus; blood pressure must be =< the 95th percentile for age, height, and gender
• History of allergic reaction attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to the MEK inhibitor, trametinib
• Patients who are able to swallow capsules or liquid or able to use a nasogastric or G tube are eligible

• Age ≤6 weeks (≤42 days) at time of dose
• Ability to tolerate thin liquids as demonstrated through a formal bedside swallowing test
• Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) ≥2mV at Baseline; centralized review of CMAP data will be conducted
• Gestational age of 35 to 42 weeks
• Patients with pre-symptomatic SMA Type 1 as determined by the following features: − 2 copies of SMN2 Patients with 2 copies of SMN2 (n ≥12)
• Patients with pre-symptomatic SMA Type 2 as determined by the following features:
• 3 copies of SMN2
• Weight at screening visit <2 kg
• Hypoxemia (oxygen saturation <96% awake or asleep without any supplemental oxygen or respiratory support) at the screening visit or for altitudes >1000 m, oxygen saturation <92% awake or asleep without any supplemental oxygen or respiratory support at the screening visit
• Any clinical signs or symptoms at screening or immediately prior to dosing that are, in the opinion of the Investigator, strongly suggestive of SMA
• Tracheostomy or current prophylactic use or requirement of noninvasive ventilatory support at any time and for any duration prior to screening or during the screening period
• Patients with signs of aspiration/inability to tolerate nonthickened liquids based on a formal swallowing test performed as part of screening or patients receiving any non-oral feeding method
• Clinically significant abnormalities in hematology or clinical chemistry parameters as determined by investigator or medical monitor
• Treatment with an investigational or commercial product, including nusinersen, given for the treatment of SMA. This includes any history of gene therapy, prior antisense oligonucleotide treatment, or cell transplantation.
• Patients whose weight-for-age is below the third percentile based on World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards
• Biological mother with active viral infection as determined by screening laboratory samples (includes human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] or positive serology for hepatitis B or C) • Biological mothers with clinical suspicion of Zika virus that meet Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Zika virus epidemiological criteria including history of residence in or travel to a geographic region with active Zika transmission at the time of travel will be tested for Zika virus RNA. Positive results warrant confirmed negative Zika virus RNA testing in the patient prior to enrollment.
• Serious nonrespiratory tract illness requiring systemic treatment and/or hospitalization within 2 Weeks prior to screening
• Upper or lower respiratory infection requiring medical attention, medical intervention, or increase in supportive care of any manner within 4 Weeks prior to dosing
• Severe nonpulmonary/respiratory tract infection within 4 Weeks before administration of gene replacement therapy or concomitant illness that, in the opinion of the Investigator or Sponsor medical monitor, creates unnecessary risks for gene replacement therapy such as:
• Major renal or hepatic impairment
• Known seizure disorder
• Diabetes mellitus
• Idiopathic hypocalciuria
• Symptomatic cardiomyopathy
• Known allergy or hypersensitivity to prednisolone or other glucocorticosteroids or their excipients
• Previous, planned or expected major surgical procedure including scoliosis repair surgery/procedure during the study assessment period
• Concomitant use of any of the following: drugs for treatment of myopathy or neuropathy, agents used to treat diabetes mellitus, or ongoing immunosuppressive therapy, plasmapheresis, immunomodulators such as adalimumab, immunosuppressive therapy within 4 Weeks prior to gene replacement therapy
• AntiAAV9 antibody titer >1:50 as determined by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) binding immunoassay • Should a potential patient demonstrate AntiAAV9 antibody titer >1:50, he or she may receive retesting inside the 30-Day screening period and will be eligible to participate if the AntiAAV9 antibody titer upon retesting is ≤1:50, provided the <6 Week age requirement at the time of dosing is still met
• Biological mother involved with the care of the child refuses anti-AAV9 antibody testing prior to dosing

• Age ≥ 18 years.
• ECOG Performance Score of 2 or better.
• Biopsy-proven non-hematopoietic malignancy, except for germ cell cancer. Small cell lung carcinoma is eligible for this study
• Six or more metastases on diagnostic or treatment planning imaging, which include either CT or MR imaging.
• Largest tumor <4 cm
• No prior SRS to the lesions which will be treated on protocol.
• Women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry, and for the duration of protocol treatment.
• Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent.
• Prior whole brain radiotherapy
• Patients with leptomeningeal metastasis.
• Patients with life expectancy < 4 months
• Psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements.

For Athletes 1. Age 18-35 2. Male or female professional boxers/MMA fighters 3. Ability to undergo MR imaging procedures 4. At least one of the following: 1. Knockout (KO)/Technical Knockout (TKO) scored by fight referee. 2. Greater than 25 blows to the head. 5. Significant post-concussive symptoms (Symptom Score > 1 on at least 3 items from the Rivermead Post-Concussion Questionnaire) For Controls 1. Age 18-35 2. Male of female who do not participate in contact sports 3. Screen negative for mild TBI (mTBI) using Ohio State TBI Identification 1. Contraindication to sildenafil which includes the following: 1. Current use of organic nitrate vasodilators 2. Use of ritonavir (HIV-protease inhibitor) 3. Current use of erythromycin, ketoconazole, or itraconazole 4. Current use of cimetidine 5. Current resting hypotension (BP < 90/50 mm Hg) 6. Current severe renal insufficiency (Creatinine Clearance < 30 milliliters/minute) 7. Current hepatic cirrhosis 8. Current cardiac failure or coronary artery disease causing unstable angina 9. Retinitis pigmentosa 10. Known hypersensitivity or allergy to sildenafil of any of its components 2. Daily therapy with a PDE5 inhibitor within the past 2 months 3. Immediate hospitalization for severe concussion 4. History of neurological or psychiatric disorder not related to TBI 5. Known inclusion in another interventional clinical trial 6. Subjects with metal implants that would interfere with the MR imaging procedures 7. Sickle cell disease 8. History of priapism

Key
• Male or non-pregnant, non-lactating female, age 2 to 35 years, inclusive as of the day of the Screening Visit.
• Clinical diagnosis of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, where seizures that result in drops are not completely controlled by current antiepileptic treatments.
• Onset of seizures at 11 years of age or younger.
• Abnormal cognitive development.
• Must be receiving at least 1 concomitant AED and up to 4 concomitant anti-epileptic treatments. Key
• Etiology of seizures is a degenerative neurological disease.
• History of hemiclonic seizures in the first year of life.
• Subject only has drop seizures in clusters, where individual seizures cannot be counted reliably.
• Pulmonary arterial hypertension.
• Current or past history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as cardiac valvulopathy, myocardial infarction or stroke.
• Receiving concomitant therapy with: centrally-acting anorectic agents; monoamineoxidase inhibitors; any centrally-acting compound with clinically appreciable amount of serotonin agonist or antagonist properties, including serotonin reuptake inhibition; atomoxetine, or other centrally-acting noradrenergic agonist; cyproheptadine.
• Taking felbamate for less than 1 year prior to screening and/or does not have stable liver function and hematology laboratory tests, and/or the dose has not been stable for at least 60 days prior to the Screening Visit.
• Currently receiving an investigational product.
• Institutionalized in a general nursing home (ie, in a facility that does not specialize in epilepsy care).
• A clinically significant condition, or has had clinically relevant symptoms or a clinically significant illness in the 4 weeks prior to the Screening Visit, other than epilepsy, that would negatively impact study participation, collection of study data, or pose a risk to the subject.