• Histologically or cytologically-confirmed Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, or osteosarcoma
• Disease progression after prior therapy in locally advanced or metastatic setting
• Measurable or evaluable disease based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST v1.1) criteria
• Age 12 months to <21 years
• Adequate bone marrow reserves, hepatic function, and renal function
• Recovered from effects of any prior surgery or cancer therapy
• Patients 18 years or older will provide written consent. A parent or legal guardian of a patient <18 years of age will provide informed consent and patients 11 to 18 years of age will provide written assent or as per participating institutional policy.
• Clinically significant gastrointestinal disorders
• NYHA Class III or IV congestive heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias or uncontrolled blood pressure
• Active infection or unexplained fever
• Known hypersensitivity to any of the components of MM-398 or other liposomal products
• Recent Investigational therapy
• Pregnant or breast feeding; females of child-bearing potential must test negative for pregnancy at the time of enrollment

• Completed study drug treatment in a parent study; or had study drug interruption(s) in a parent study but completed study visits up to the last scheduled visit of the Treatment Period in the parent study.
• History of drug intolerance in a parent study that would pose an additional risk to the subject in the opinion of the investigator.
• Current participation in an investigational drug trial (other than a parent study) Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply.

Key
• Subjects will be 1 to less than 2 years of age on Day 1 of the relevant part of the study.
• Homozygous for F508del (F/F). Key
• Any clinically significant laboratory abnormalities at the Screening Visit that would interfere with the study assessments or pose an undue risk for the subject.
• Solid organ or hematological transplantation. Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply.

• All B-ALL patients must be enrolled on APEC14B1 and consented to Eligibility Screening (Part A) prior to treatment and enrollment on AALL1731. APEC 14B1 is not a requirement for B-LLy patients. B-LLy patients may directly enroll on AALL1731.
• Age at diagnosis:
• Patients must be >= 365 days and < 10 years of age (B-ALL patients without DS).
• Patients must be >= 365 days and =< 31 years of age (B-ALL patients with DS).
• Patients must be >= 365 days and =< 31 years of age (B-LLy patients with or without DS).
• B-ALL patients without DS must have an initial white blood cell count < 50,000/uL (performed within 7 days prior to enrollment).
• B-ALL patients with DS are eligible regardless of the presenting white blood cell count (WBC) (performed within 7 days prior to enrollment).
• Patient has newly diagnosed B-cell ALL, with or without Down syndrome: > 25% blasts on a bone marrow (BM) aspirate;
• OR if a BM aspirate is not obtained or is not diagnostic of B-ALL, the diagnosis can be established by a pathologic diagnosis of B-ALL on a BM biopsy;
• OR a complete blood count (CBC) documenting the presence of at least 1,000/uL circulating leukemic cells;
• OR patient has newly diagnosed B-cell LLy Murphy stages I or II, with or without Down syndrome.
• Note: For B-LLy patients with tissue available for flow cytometry, the criterion for diagnosis should be analogous to B-ALL. For tissue processed by other means (i.e., paraffin blocks), the methodology and criteria for immunophenotypic analysis to establish the diagnosis of B-LLy defined by the submitting institution will be accepted (diagnostic biopsy for B-LLy must be performed within 14 days prior to enrollment).
• All patients and/or their parents or legal guardians must sign a written informed consent.
• All institutional, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and National Cancer Institute (NCI) requirements for human studies must be met.
• Patient must not have secondary ALL that developed after treatment of a prior malignancy with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Note: patients with Down syndrome with a prior history of transient myeloproliferative disease (TMD) are not considered to have had a prior malignancy. They would therefore be eligible whether or not the TMD was treated with cytarabine.
• With the exception of steroid pretreatment or the administration of intrathecal cytarabine, patients must not have received any prior cytotoxic chemotherapy for either the current diagnosis of B ALL or B LLy or for any cancer diagnosed prior to initiation of protocol therapy on AALL1731.
• For patients receiving steroid pretreatment, the following additional exclusion criteria apply:
• Non-DS B-ALL patients must not have received steroids for more than 24 hours in the 2 weeks prior to diagnosis without a CBC obtained within 3 days prior to initiation of the steroids.
• DS and non-DS B-LLy patients must not have received > 48 hours of oral or IV steroids within 4 weeks of diagnosis.
• Patients who have received > 72 hours of hydroxyurea within 1 week (7 days) prior to the start of systemic protocol therapy.
• B-ALL patients who do not have sufficient diagnostic bone marrow submitted for APEC14B1 diagnostic testing and who do not have a peripheral blood sample submitted containing > 1,000/uL circulating leukemia cells.
• Patient must not have acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL).
• Non-DS B-ALL patients with central nervous system [CNS]3 leukemia (CNS status must be known prior to enrollment).
• Note: DS patients with CNS3 disease are eligible but will be assigned to the DS-High B-ALL arm. CNS status must be determined based on a sample obtained prior to administration of any systemic or intrathecal chemotherapy, except for steroid pretreatment.
• Non-DS B-ALL patients with testicular leukemia. (Note: DS patients with testicular disease are eligible but will be assigned to the DS-High B-ALL arm).
• For LLy patients, the following additional exclusion criteria apply:
• T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma.
• Morphologically unclassifiable lymphoma.
• Absence of both B-cell and T-cell phenotype markers in a case submitted as lymphoblastic lymphoma.
• CNS positive disease or testicular involvement.
• M2 (5%
•25% blasts) or M3 (> 25% blasts) marrow.
• Patients with known Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
• Patients with known MYC translocation associated with mature (Burkitt) B-cell ALL, regardless of blast immunophenotype.
• Patients requiring radiation at diagnosis.
• Female patients who are pregnant since fetal toxicities and teratogenic effects have been noted for several of the study drugs. A pregnancy test is required for female patients of childbearing potential.
• Lactating females who plan to breastfeed their infants.
• Sexually active patients of reproductive potential who have not agreed to use an effective contraceptive method for the duration of their study participation.

Key
• Completed study drug treatment in parent study (VX18-445-104); or had study drug interruption(s) in parent study but completed study visits up to the last scheduled visit of the Treatment Period in the parent study Key
• History of study drug intolerance in parent study Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply

• Liveborn infants 22 0/7
•28 6/7 weeks gestation or 401
•1000 grams (inclusive) birth weight
• Clinical decision to give surfactant
• Less than or equal to 48 hours postnatal age
• Terminal illness (heart rate < 100 beats per minute, unresponsiveness to resuscitation) or unlikely to survive as judged by the clinician
• Decision to redirect or limit support
• Use of surfactant before enrollment (first dose of surfactant must be study drug)
• Infant received systemic steroids prior to enrollment
• Use of indomethacin, either received by the mother within 24 hours prior to delivery,received by the infant prior to enrollment, or intent to administer to the infant for IVH prophylaxis or PDA management from enrollment up to 7 days of final dose of study drug
• Serious chromosomal abnormalities or major malformations
• Known congenital infections including, but not limited to, confirmed sepsis, congenital CMV, etc.
• Infants with a permanent neuromuscular condition that affects respiration
• Enrollment in a conflicting clinical trial

• Diagnosis of CF.
• Age ≥ 12 years at the Screening Visit.
• Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) ≥ 70 % predicted at the Screening Visit if < 18 years old, and ≥ 60 % predicted at Screening Visit if ≥ 18 years old.
• Clinically stable with no significant changes in health status within the 7 days prior to and including the Screening Visit.
• Current treatment with elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) for at least the 90 days prior to and including the Screening Visit and willing to continue daily use for the duration of the study.
• Currently taking hypertonic saline (at least 3%) and/or dornase alfa for at least the 90 days prior to and including the Screening Visit and willing to continue daily use for the 2-week screening period.
• Active smoking or vaping.
• Use of an investigational drug within 28 days prior to and including the Screening Visit.
• Changes to chronic therapy (e.g., ibuprofen, azithromycin, inhaled tobramycin, aztreonam lysine) within 28 days prior to and including the Screening Visit. This includes new airway clearance routines.
• Acute use of antibiotics (oral, inhaled or IV) or acute use of systemic corticosteroids for respiratory tract symptoms within 7 days prior to and including the Screening Visit.
• Chronic use of systemic corticosteroids at a dose equivalent to ≥ 10mg per day of prednisone within 28 days prior to and including the Screening Visit.
• Antibiotic treatment for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) within 28 days prior to and including the Screening Visit.

• Be male at any age.
• Be scheduled to undergo surgery, chemotherapy, drug treatment and/or radiation for the treatment or prevention of a medical condition or malignancy with risk of causing permanent and complete loss of subsequent testicular function.
• Or, have a medical condition or malignancy that requires removal of all or part of one or both testicles.
• Have newly diagnosed or recurrent disease. Those who were not enrolled at the time of initial diagnosis (i.e., patients with recurrent disease) are eligible if they have not previously received therapy that is viewed as likely to result in complete and permanent loss of testicular function.
• Have two testicles if undergoing elective removal of all or part of a testicle for fertility preservation only. Note: removal of both testicles will limit fertility preservation options.
• Sign an approved informed consent and authorization permitting the release of personal health information. The patient and/or the patient's legally authorized guardian must acknowledge in writing that consent for specimen collection has been obtained, in accordance with institutional policies approved by the U.S. Department of Health and
• Consent for serum screening tests for infectious diseases [HIV-1, HIV-2, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C], to be performed at the time of testicular tissue harvesting.
• Undergo a full history and physical examination and obtain standard pre-operative clearance (based on the most recent ACC/AHA Guideline for Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery) as determined by their primary surgeon.
• Participating in long term follow-up is a requirement of the protocol.
• Diagnosed with psychological, psychiatric, or other conditions which prevent giving fully informed consent.
• Diagnosed with an underlying medical condition that significantly increases their risk of complications from anesthesia and surgery.

• Any patient of the Children's Medical Center CCBD
• 5-12 years of age
• Patient requiring their port accessed twice or more within a 6 months period
• Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria
• Subjects younger than 5 and older than 12
• Patients requiring recovery in PICU or sites other than PACU
• If parents or subject is not willing to participate
• Subjects with severe developmental delays and subjects with developmental challenges preventing them from keeping the VR device on are also excluded
• Patients who will not be in CCBD for port access at least twice in 6 months

• Age -- Age ≤ 30 years at time of initial qualifying solid tumor diagnosis
• Diagnosis -- Histologic diagnosis of solid malignancy (excluding brain tumors and lymphoma) that meets at least one of the following criteria:
• Refractory, defined as tumor progression after initiation of standard first line therapy without having achieved a prior partial or complete remission OR Biopsy proven residual disease at the completion of planned standard initial front-line therapy.
• Recurrent, defined as tumor progression after achieving a prior partial or complete remission
• Newly diagnosed high risk disease, defined as having an expected event free survival of < 50% at 2 years.
• Lacks definitive diagnosis or classical genomic findings after histologic review and standard molecular testing (rare tumor group).
• Examples include (eligibility not limited to these examples):
• Histology typically associated with a fusion in which fusion is not detected.
• Ewing-like sarcoma
• Undifferentiated sarcoma
• Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor without ALK fusion
• Infantile fibrosarcoma without NTRK fusion
• Specimen Samples
• Sufficient tumor specimen available to meet the minimum requirements for profiling from diagnosis or progression / recurrence --- OR
• Surgery / biopsy planned as part of clinical care that is anticipated to yield sufficient material to meet the minimum requirements for profiling; OR
• Patient has already had molecular profiling and patient has not yet started matched targeted therapy based on the report .
• No Therapy Planned -- Patients who have declined further anticancer therapy will be excluded.
• Performance Status -- Patients with Lansky (age < 16 years) or Karnofsky (age ≥16 years) score < 50 will be excluded.
• Life Expectancy -- Patients with anticipated life expectancy < 3 months will be excluded.

• Younger than 2 years (chronological age)
• Scheduled for anaesthesia that is expected to last at least 2 hours (and/or total operating room time is scheduled to be at least 2.5 hours)
• Has a legally acceptable representative capable of understanding the informed consent document and providing consent on the participant's behalf.
• Known neurologic, chromosomal or congenital anomaly which is likely to be associated with poor neurobehavioural outcome
• Existing diagnosis of behavioural or neurodevelopmental disability
• Prematurity (defined as < 36 weeks gestational age at birth)
• Birth weight less than 2 kg.
• Congenital cardiac disease requiring surgery
• Intracranial neurosurgery and intracranial craniofacial surgery (isolated cleft lip is not an exclusion)
• Previous cumulative exposure to general anaesthesia exceeding 2 hours
• Planned future cumulative exposure to anaesthesia exceeding 2 hours before the age of 3 years.
• Any specific contra-indication to any aspect of the protocol
• Previous adverse reaction to any anaesthetic
• Circumstances likely to make long term follow-up impossible
• Living in a household where the primary language spoken at home is not a language in which we can administer the Wechsler Preschool and Primary School Intelligence Scale
• Planned postoperative sedation with any agent except opioids (e.g. benzodiazepines, dexmedetomidine, ketamine, barbiturates, propofol, clonidine, chloral hydrate, and other non-opioid sedatives). For example if such sedation is planned for post-operative ventilation

1. Male or female ≥ 2 and ≤ 45 years of age at the Screening Visit. 2. Documentation of a CF diagnosis as evidenced by one or more clinical features consistent with the CF phenotype and one or more of the following criteria: 1. sweat chloride ≥ 60 milliequivalents/liter by quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis test (QPIT) 2. two well-characterized mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductive regulator (CFTR) gene 3. abnormal nasal potential difference(NPD) (change in NPD in response to a low chloride solution and isoproteronol of less than -5 mV) 3. First OR early MRSA colonization defined as: 1. First MRSA colonization: first documented isolation of MRSA from respiratory tract occurred ≤ 6 months prior to screening 2. Early MRSA colonization: MRSA was previously isolated from the respiratory tract ≤ 2 times over the past 3.5 years, but this was followed by at least 1 year of documented negative cultures for MRSA 4. MRSA is available to the central laboratory
•either the incident MRSA isolate from the clinic visit or the subject is MRSA positive at the screening visit 5. Clinically stable with no significant changes in health status within the 14 days prior to screening 6. Written informed consent (and assent when applicable) obtained from subject or subject's legal representative and ability for subject to comply with the requirements of the study 1. Received antibiotics with activity against MRSA within 28 days prior to screening 2. Use of an investigational agent within 28 days prior to screening 3. For subjects ≥ 6 years of age: FEV1 at screening < 25% of predicted for age based on the Wang (males < 18 years, females < 16 years) or Hankinson (males ≥ 18 years, females ≥ 16 years) standardized equations 4. MRSA from the screening culture or the most recent clinical care visit within 6 months prior to screening resistant to TMP/SMX 5. History of intolerance to topical chlorhexidine or mupirocin 6. History of intolerance to both TMP/SMX and minocycline 7. < 8 years of age and allergic or intolerant to TMP/SMX 8. ≥ 8 years of age and allergic or intolerant to TMP/SMX and MRSA isolate (from screening or clinical care visit)is resistant to minocycline 9. For females of child bearing potential: pregnant, breastfeeding, or unwilling to use barrier contraception through Day 42 of the study 10. Subjects with history of abnormal renal function will need screening labs showing normal function Abnormal renal function is defined as estimated creatinine clearance <50 mL/min using the: 1. Bedside Schwartz Equation for subjects <18 years of age, and 2. Levey Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Equation for subjects ≥ 18 years of age. 11. Subjects with a history of abnormal liver function will need to have screening labs showing normal transaminases. Liver dysfunction is defined as ≥3x upper limit of normal (ULN), of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) or serum alanine transaminase (ALT) or abnormal synthetic function 12. History of solid organ or hematological transplantation 13. Presence of a condition or abnormality that in the opinion of the Investigator would compromise the safety of the patient or the quality of the data.

• Eligible subjects will be as follows: 1. 4 weeks to 17 years of age, 2. fulfill the American Heart Association case definition for complete or incomplete KD, 3. have had fever (T ≥38°C) for 3 to 10 days prior to initial IVIG treatment, 4. have fever (T ≥38°C orally or rectally) between 36 hours and 7 days after end of the first IVIG infusion without other likely cause 1. Patient treated with infliximab or steroids for present illness (pts who received oral steroids as outpatients prior to KD diagnosis but who otherwise qualify for the study will not be excluded) 2. Known prior infection with tuberculosis, coccidiomycosis, or histoplasmosis.

• Patients in Group F must have a body surface area (BSA) >= 0.6 m^2
• Patients must have a performance status corresponding to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores of 0, 1, or 2; use Karnofsky for patients > 16 years of age and Lansky for patients =< 16 years of age; patients who are unable to walk because of paralysis, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score
• Patients must be newly diagnosed with histologically-proven primary pediatric hepatic malignancies including hepatoblastoma or hepatocellular carcinoma, except as noted below; patients with a diagnosis of hepatocellular neoplasm, not otherwise specified, should be classified and treated per hepatoblastoma treatment arms; note that rapid central pathology review is required in some cases; please note: all patients with histology as assessed by the institutional pathologist consistent with pure small cell undifferentiated (SCU) HB will be required to have testing for INI1/SMARCB1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) according to the practices at the institution
• Patients with histology consistent with pure SCU must have positive INI1/SMARCB1 staining
• For all Group A patients, WDF status as determined by rapid review will be used to further stratify patients to Group A1 or A2
• For Groups B, C and D, rapid review is required if patients are either >= 8 years of age or have an alphafetoprotein (AFP) =< 100 at diagnosis
• For all Groups E and F patients, rapid central pathology review is required
• In emergency situations when a patient meets all other eligibility criteria and has had baseline required observations, but is too ill to undergo a biopsy safely, the patient may be enrolled without a biopsy
• Clinical situations in which emergent treatment may be indicated include, but are not limited to, the following circumstances:
• Anatomic or mechanical compromise of critical organ function by tumor (e.g., respiratory distress/failure, abdominal compartment syndrome, urinary obstruction, etc.)
• Uncorrectable coagulopathy
• For a patient to maintain eligibility for AHEP1531 when emergent treatment is given, the following must occur:
• The patient must have a clinical diagnosis of hepatoblastoma, including an elevated alphafetoprotein (AFP), and must meet all AHEP1531 eligibility criteria at the time of emergent treatment
• Patient must be enrolled on AHEP1531 prior to initiating protocol therapy; a patient will be ineligible if any chemotherapy is administered prior to AHEP1531 enrollment
• Note: If the patient receives AHEP1531 chemotherapy emergently PRIOR to undergoing a diagnostic biopsy, pathologic review of material obtained in the future during either biopsy or surgical resection must either confirm the diagnosis of hepatoblastoma or not reveal another pathological diagnosis to be included in the analysis of the study aims
• Patients may have had surgical resection of the hepatic malignancy prior to enrollment; all other anti-cancer therapy for the current liver lesion is prohibited
• Creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >= 60 mL/min/1.73 m^2 or
• A serum creatinine based on age/gender as follows:
• Age: maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL)
• 1 month to < 6 months: 0.4 (male and female)
• 6 months to < 1 year: 0.5 (male and female)
• 1 to < 2 years: 06 (male and female)
• 2 to < 6 years: 0.8 (male and female)
• 6 to < 10 years: 1 (male and female)
• 10 to < 13 years: 1.2 (male and female)
• 13 to < 16 years: 1.5 (male), 1.4 (female)
• >= 16 years: 1.7 (male), 1.4 (female)
• Total bilirubin =< 5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) for age
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) < 10 x upper limit of normal (ULN) for age
• Shortening fraction of >= 28% by echocardiogram (for patients on doxorubicin-containing regimens [Groups C, D, E2, and F] assessed within 8 weeks prior to study enrollment) or
• Ejection fraction of >= 47% by echocardiogram or radionuclide angiogram (for patients on doxorubicin-containing regimens [Groups C, D, E2, and F] assessed within 8 weeks prior to study enrollment)
• Group F patients only: QT/corrected QT (QTc) interval =< 450 milliseconds for males and =< 470 milliseconds for females (assessed within 8 weeks prior to study enrollment)
• Normal pulmonary function tests (including diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide [DLCO]) if there is clinical indication for determination (e.g. dyspnea at rest, known requirement for supplemental oxygen) (for patients receiving chemotherapy [Groups A, B, C, D, E2, F]); for patients who do not have respiratory symptoms or requirement for supplemental oxygen, pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are NOT required
• All patients and/or their parents or legal guardians must sign a written informed consent
• All institutional, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and National Cancer Institute (NCI) requirements for human studies must be met
• Prior chemotherapy or tumor directed therapy (i.e. radiation therapy, biologic agents, local therapy (embolization, radiofrequency ablation, and laser); therefore, patients with a pre-disposition syndrome who have a prior malignancy are not eligible
• Patients who are currently receiving another investigational drug
• Patients who are currently receiving other anticancer agents
• Patients with uncontrolled infection
• Patients who previously received a solid organ transplant, other than those who previously received an orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) as primary treatment of their hepatocellular carcinoma
• Patients with hypersensitivity to any drugs on their expected treatment arm
• Group C: Patients who have known deficiency of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)
• Group D:
• Patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease and/or bowel obstruction
• Patients with concomitant use of St. John's wort, which cannot be stopped prior to the start of trial treatment
• Group F:
• Patients with peripheral sensitive neuropathy with functional impairment
• Patients with a personal or family history of congenital long QT syndrome
• These criteria apply ONLY to patients who may receive chemotherapy (all groups other than Group E1):
• Female patients who are pregnant since fetal toxicities and teratogenic effects have been noted for several of the study drugs; a pregnancy test is required for female patients of childbearing potential
• Lactating females who plan to breastfeed their infants
• Sexually active patients of reproductive potential who have not agreed to use an effective contraceptive method for the duration of their study participation
• Note for Group F: patients of childbearing potential should use effective birth control during treatment with sorafenib and for at least 2 weeks after stopping treatment

• Inborn and outborn infants of 29 0/7 to 33 6/7 weeks gestational age at birth
• admitted to hospitals of the NICHD NRN who, are at time of enrollment:
• ≤35 6/7 weeks post-menstrual age at the time of randomization
• Receiving caffeine with plan to discontinue treatment or just discontinued caffeine treatment
• Receiving feeds at a volume of ≥120 ml/kg/day by oral and/or tube feeding
• Ability to start study medication within 72 hours after stopping caffeine
• On respiratory therapy (oxygen more than room air equivalent for high altitude sites, nasal cannula, continuous positive pressure ventilation, and/or mechanical ventilation)
• Infants who would otherwise be discharged home on apnea monitor due to underlying disease or family history, including history of a sibling with sudden infant death syndrome
• Parental request for apnea monitor
• Congenital heart disease other than atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, or patent ductus arteriosus
• Neuromuscular conditions affecting respiration
• Major congenital malformation and/or genetic disorder
• Plans to transfer to a non-NRN site before discharge
• Unable to obtain parental or guardian consent

• Signed informed consent given by the subject or the subject's parent/legal guardian for those under 18 years of age or the age of consent by local regulation.
• Male and female subjects with a suspected or confirmed UCD diagnosis of any subtype, except NAGS deficiency.
• Suspected diagnosis is defined as having experienced a HAC or a documented high ammonia of >=100 µmol/L
• Confirmed diagnosis is determined via enzymatic, biochemical, or genetic testing.
• Requires nitrogen-binding agents according to the judgment of the Investigator
• Birth and older.
• All females of childbearing potential and all sexually active males must agree to use an acceptable method of contraception from signing the informed consent throughout the study and for 30 days after the last dose of study drug. Acceptable forms of contraception are (oral, injected, implanted or transdermal), tubal ligation, intrauterine device, hysterectomy, vasectomy, or double barrier methods. Abstinence is an acceptable form of birth control, though appropriate contraception must be used if the subject becomes sexually active.
• Subject has received chronic treatment with an oral phenylbutyrate (RAVICTI, NaPBA, Pheburane, or other) longer than 14 consecutive days within one year prior to enrollment.
• Temporary use of NaPBA for acute management of a hyperammonemic crisis in the past is acceptable.
• Any concomitant illness (e.g., malabsorption or clinically significant liver or bowel disease) which would preclude the subject's safe participation, as judged by the Investigator.
• Has undergone liver transplantation, including hepatocellular transplant.
• Subjects on NaBz at Baseline will be excluded if they are viewed by the Investigator as being unable to undergo NaBz transition to a PAA prodrug during the Initial Treatment Period.
• Known hypersensitivity to PBA or any excipients of the NaPBA/PBA formulations.
• Pregnant or breast-feeding patients. Women of childbearing potential must have a pregnancy test performed at the Baseline Visit prior to the start of study drug.

Inclusion criteria: Intubated and mechanically ventilated with moderate-severe PARDS for <48 hours per PALICC guidelines (chest imaging consistent with acute pulmonary parenchymal disease and OI ≥12 or OSI ≥10). We require two blood gases meeting moderate-severe PARDS criteria (separated by at least 4 ± 2 hours during which time the clinical team is actively working to recruit lung volume and optimize the patient's hemodynamic status per PALICC guidelines; specifically, incremental and decremental PEEP changes to optimize lung volume). A second blood gas is not required for OI ≥16. Exclusion criteria:
• Perinatal related lung disease
• Congenital diaphragmatic hernia or congenital/acquired diaphragm paralysis
• Respiratory failure explained by cardiac failure or fluid overload
• Cyanotic heart disease
• Cardiomyopathy
• Unilateral lung disease
• Primary pulmonary hypertension
• Intubated for status asthmaticus
• Obstructive airway disease (e.g., Severe airways disease without parenchymal involvement or disease characterized by hypercapnia with FiO2 <0.30 and/or evidence of increased resistance visible on the flow
•time scalar and/or presence of intrinsic PEEP)
• Active air leak
• Bronchiolitis obliterans
• Post hematopoietic stem cell transplant; specifically, patients receiving continuous supplemental oxygen for three or more days prior to intubation; receiving noninvasive ventilation for more than 24 hours prior to intubation; receiving more than one vasoactive medication at time of meeting inclusion criteria; spending more than four days in the PICU prior to intubation; supported on or with immediate plans for renal replacement therapies; with two or more allogeneic transplants; who relapsed after the transplant; or with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
• Post lung transplant
• Home ventilator (including noninvasive) or home oxygen dependent (exception: night-time noninvasive ventilation (CPAP/BiPAP) or oxygen for obstructive sleep apnea is permitted)
• Neuromuscular respiratory failure
• Critical airway (e.g., post laryngotracheal surgery or new tracheostomy) or anatomical obstruction of the lower airway (e.g., mediastinal mass)
• Facial surgery or trauma in previous 2 weeks
• Head trauma (managed with hyperventilation)
• Intracranial bleeding
• Unstable spine, femur or pelvic fractures
• Acute abdominal process/open abdomen
• Morbid obesity (2w-24 months: WHO weight-for-length/height z-score ≥+3; ≥2 years: WHO body mass index (BMI)-for-age z-score ≥+3)
• Currently receiving either prone positioning or any high-frequency mode of MV with current illness (Up to 4 hours of prone positioning and/or any mode of high-frequency mode of MV is allowed as long as the therapies are off for least 4 hours prior to the subject meeting oxygenation criteria.)
• Supported on ECMO during the current admission
• Family/medical team not providing full support (patient treatment considered futile)
• Previously enrolled in current study
• Enrolled in any other interventional clinical trial not approved for co-enrollment
• Known pregnancy

• Diagnosis of Down syndrome
• Age 10-21 years
• Prior adenotonsillectomy
• Severe OSA (AHI > 10, AHI < 50, no more than 25% AHI attributable to central events) based on prior in-lab PSG performed after adenotonsillectomy and within 18 months of enrollment
• Approval from at least two of the three physician reviewers based upon the results of a routine drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) having occurred within 12 months of enrollment
• Subjects must have either tracheotomy or be ineffectively treated with CPAP due to non-compliance, discomfort, un-desirable side effects, persistent symptoms despite compliance use, or refusal to use the device
• Children and their parents/guardians must be willing to have stimulation hardware permanently implanted, and be willing to participate in follow-up visits, postoperative PSG, and questionnaire completion
• Children's parents/guardians must complete a questionnaire confirming that their child is capable of communicating feelings of pain or discomfort. They must also confirm they are able to assess their child for adverse effects related to device implantation
• Children and their parents/guardians must be proficient in English
• Body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for subject's age
• Circumferential airway collapse at the level of the velopharynx observed during DISE
• Other medical conditions resulting in medical instability (eg. congestive heart failure, recent open heart surgery, immunosuppression, or chronic lung disease or aspiration)
• Presence of another medical condition requiring future magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
• Patients with another implantable device which could interact unintentionally with the Inspire system
• Any contraindication for general anesthesia
• History of bleeding or clotting disorders and those on blood thinning or NSAID medications for the week prior to implantation surgery. Subjects will be asked to refrain from the use of NSAIDS for two weeks after implantation or any revision surgeries
• Subject is currently taking muscle relaxant medication
• Life expectancy less than 12 months
• Subject's inability to communicate pain or discomfort to their caretaker/parent, based on parental or investigator assessment
• Nonverbal candidates will be excluded due to an inability to complete testing procedures including expressive language sampling
• Subjects with a co-occurring diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder
• Subjects that have a positive β-HCG
• Subjects deemed unfit for participation by the investigator for any other reason

Eligibility criteria: Infants are eligible if they meet all of the following criteria:
• ≥ 36 0/7 weeks PMA by best obstetric estimate AND birth weight of ≥ 2000g
• postnatal age ≤7 days (168 hours of age)
• invasive mechanical ventilation (defined as ventilation with an endotracheal tube) and
• one arterial blood gas with an OI ≥ 10 (after tracheal tube obstruction and other easily resolvable mechanical causes for increased OI are ruled out) on the most recent arterial blood gas within 12 hours prior to the time of randomization.
• if an arterial blood gas is not available at the time of randomization, a preductal OSI of ≥ 5 can be used as an inclusion criterion instead of OI ≥ 10; (the OSI should be based on the most recent preductal pulse oximetry recording and must be within 12 hours of randomization)
• postnatal blood gas with PCO2 ≤ 80 mmHg (arterial, capillary or venous blood gas) on the most recent blood gas sample obtained within 12 hours prior to randomization Note: Criteria (iv) to (vi) must be met at the most recent analysis within 12 hours prior to randomization. Infants are ineligible if they meet any of the following criteria:
• known hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Note 1: infants of diabetic mothers with asymmetric septal hypertrophy can be included as long as there is no evidence of obstruction to left ventricular outflow tract on echocardiogram,
• Note 2: infants with other acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) and CDH may be included in the study and will be a predetermined subgroup for analysis)
• cyanotic CHD
•transposition of great arteries (TGA), total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), truncus arteriosus (TA), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), single ventricle physiology
•hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), tricuspid atresia, critical pulmonic stenosis or atresia etc.,
• enrolled in conflicting clinical trials (such as a randomized controlled blinded trial of another pulmonary vasodilator therapy); Note: mothers enrolled in fetal tracheal occlusion studies such as FETO may be enrolled if permitted by investigators of the fetal tracheal occlusion study; [FETO refers to fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion and involves occlusion of fetal trachea with a balloon device at mid-gestation and subsequent removal in later gestation]
• infants with bilateral CDH o Note 3: infants with anterior and central defects are included in the study
• associated abnormalities of the trachea or esophagus (trachea-esophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, laryngeal web, tracheal agenesis)
• renal dysfunction (with serum creatinine > 2 mg/dL not due to maternal factors) or severe oligohydramnios associated with renal dysfunction at randomization; renal dysfunction may be secondary to renal anomalies or medical conditions such as acute tubular necrosis
• severe systemic hypotension (mean blood pressure < 35 mm Hg for at least 2 h with a vasoactive inotrope score of > 30)
• decision is made to provide comfort/ palliative care and not full treatment
• Intracranial bleed (including the following findings on the cranial ultrasound)
• Cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage
• Blood/echodensity in the ventricle with distension of the ventricle
• Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction
• Posterior fossa hemorrhage
• Cerebellar hemorrhage
• persistent thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 80,000/mm3) despite blood product administration on the most recent blood draw prior to randomization
• coagulopathy (PT INR > 1.7) despite blood product administration on the most recent blood draw (if checked
•there is no reason to check PT for the purpose of this study)
• aneuploidy associated with short life span (such as trisomy 13 or 18) will not be included in the study (infants with trisomy 21 can be included in the study)
• elevated arterial, venous or capillary PCO2 > 80 mmHg in spite of maximal ventilator support (including high frequency ventilation) on the most recent blood gas obtained within 12 hours prior to randomization
• use of milrinone infusion prior to randomization (the use of other inhaled pulmonary vasodilators such as iNO, inhaled epoprosternol, inhaled PGE1 and oral such as endothelin receptor antagonists is permitted
•Note: it is unlikely to be on oral pulmonary vasodilators early in the course of CDH)
• ongoing therapy with parenteral (intravenous or subcutaneous) pulmonary vasodilators such as IV/SQ prostacyclin analogs (Epoprostenol
•Flolan or Treprostinil
•Remodulin or PGE1
•Alprostadil) or IV phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (sildenafil
•Revatio) at the time of randomization. In addition, initiation of therapy with these two classes of parenteral medications during the first 24 hours of study drug initiation is not permitted and will be considered a protocol deviation. The risk of systemic hypotension is high during the first 24 hours of study-drug (milrinone) infusion and hence parenteral administration of other pulmonary vasodilators is avoided to minimize risk of hypotension.
• Subjects already on ECMO or patients who are being actively considered for ECMO by the neonatal or surgical team
• attending (neonatal, critical care or surgical) refusal for participation in the trial (including concern about presence of hemodynamic instability)

Inclusion Criteria Age -Patients must be ≥ 1 and ≤ 21 years of age at the time of enrollment. Diagnosis
• Cohort A: Patients must have a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or mixed phenotypic acute leukemia with ≥ 5% blasts in the bone marrow (M2 or M3), with or without extramedullary disease) or a diagnosis of lymphoblastic lymphoma.
• Cohorts B & C: Patients must have a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), lymphoblastic lymphoma, or mixed phenotypic acute leukemia with any level of detectable disease (minimal residual disease level acceptable) with or without extramedullary disease Performance Level -Karnofsky > 50% for patients > 16 years of age and Lansky > 50% for patients ≤ 16 years of age. Prior Therapy
• Patients must have recovered from the acute toxic effects (≤ Grade 2 or baseline) of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy prior to entering this study, unless otherwise specified. Subjects with disease related cytopenias will be eligible.
• Patients must have relapsed or refractory disease after attaining at least a first remission. They may be in first to third relapse..
• Patients with Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) positive disease must have received at least two prior tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
• Patients who have experienced their relapse after a Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are eligible, provided they have no evidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and are at least 100 days post-transplant at the time of enrollment.
• Prior anthracycline lifetime cumulative exposure: Patients must have less than 320 mg/m2 (or 400 mg/m2 if prior cardioprotection) lifetime exposure of anthracycline chemotherapy. 1. Cohort A: Patients must have less than 320 mg/m2 (or 400 mg/m2 if prior cardioprotection) lifetime exposure of anthracycline chemotherapy (See Appendix 2 for anthracycline calculation worksheet). 2. Cohorts B & C: There is no limit on prior anthracycline exposure.
• Hematopoietic growth factors: It must have been at least seven days since the completion of therapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) or other growth factors at the time of enrollment. It must have been at least 14 days since the completion of therapy with pegfilgrastim (Neulasta®).
• Biologic anti-neoplastic agents: At least seven days after the last dose of a biologic agent. For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond seven days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur. The duration of this interval must be discussed with the study chair or vice chair.
• Monoclonal antibodies: At least three half-lives (or 30 days—whichever is longer) of the antibody must have elapsed after the last dose of monoclonal antibody. (e.g., Rituximab = 66 days, Epratuzumab = 69 days)
• Immunotherapy: At least 30 days after the completion of any type of immunotherapy, e.g. tumor vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells.
• Recent prior chemotherapy: At least 10 days after standard vincristine and the completion of any type of chemotherapy induction regimen. At least 3 weeks after radiation therapy. At least 30 days after the completion of any investigational neoplastic agent is also required. An investigational agent is defined as any drug that is not approved and licensed for sale by the FDA for institutions in the United States, by Health Canada for institutions in Canada and by The Therapeutic Goods Administration for institutions in Australia. Exceptions:
• There is no time restriction in regard to prior intrathecal chemotherapy provided there is complete recovery from any acute toxic effects of such; it is allowable to enroll a patient that has received IT Cytarabine (ARA-C), IT Methotrexate (MTX) or triple IT therapy within 14 days of enrollment as part of their evaluation to diagnose disease relapse. The IT therapy given within 14 days of initiation of protocol specified chemotherapy, may substitute for the day 1 IT in cohorts A and B
• Subjects with rapidly progressive disease may receive hydroxyurea until they begin study therapy;
• Patients who relapse while on maintenance-type ALL therapy or are receiving maintenance therapy for disease stabilization will not require a wash-out period before entry into this study. However, there must be at least 10 days after any dose of standard vincristine. Renal and Hepatic Function
• Renal function: Patient's serum creatinine must be ≤ 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) according to age. If the serum creatinine is greater than 1.5 times normal, the patient must have a calculated creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥ 70milliliter/min/1.73m2. Alternatively, a 24-hour creatinine clearance may also be used.
• Hepatic function: alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) must be < 5 x institutional upper limit of norm ULN. Total bilirubin must be ≤ 1.5 x ULN (except in the case of subjects with documented Gilbert's disease ≤ 5 × ULN). Cardiac Function -Patients must have a shortening fraction ≥ 27% or an ejection fraction ≥ 55% by echocardiogram, cardiac MRI or multigated acquisition scan (MUGA). Reproductive Function
• Female patients must not be pregnant and those of childbearing potential must have a negative urine or serum pregnancy test confirmed within one week prior to enrollment.
• Female patients with infants must agree not to breastfeed their infants while on this study.
• Male and female patients of childbearing potential must agree to use an effective method of contraception during the study. Exclusion Criteria Patients will be excluded if they have isolated testicular disease. Patients will be excluded if they have previously received Marqibo®. Patients will be excluded if they have a known allergy to any of the drugs used in the study, with the exception that patients with an allergy to PEG-asparaginase who can receive Erwinia asparaginase are eligible. Patients unable to receive any formulation of asparaginase may only enroll on cohort C Patients will be excluded if they have active, uncontrolled systemic fungal, bacterial, viral or other infection despite appropriate antibiotics or other treatment. Patients who require azole antifungal agents will be excluded. Azoles must be discontinued at least one week prior to the start of Marqibo®. Patients will be excluded if there is a plan to administer non-protocol chemotherapy, radiation therapy, another investigational agent or immunotherapy during the study period. Patients with pre-existing, persistent grade 2 or greater sensory or motor neuropathy from any cause will be excluded. Patients will be excluded if they have, significant concurrent disease, illness, psychiatric disorder or social issue that would compromise patient safety or adherence with the protocol treatment or procedures or interfere with consent, study participation, follow up, or interpretation of study results.Patients with Down syndrome will not be eligible for enrollment on Cohort A Patients with a known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will will be excluded due to the increased risk of complications such as severe infection and unknown interaction of Marqibo® with antiretroviral drugs. Active hepatitis B or C infection as defined by seropositive for hepatitis B (hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)) or hepatitis C and elevated liver transaminases (defined as above the ULN per the institution normal ranges).

• Patients must have had histologic verification of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) at original diagnosis and currently have relapsed or refractory disease; the diagnosis is made based on the following criteria
• JMML category 1 (all of the following): the diagnostic criteria must include all features in category 1 and EITHER (i) one of the features in category 2 OR (ii) two features from category 3 to make the diagnosis
• Splenomegaly
• > 1000 (1 x 10^9/uL) circulating monocytes
• < 20% blasts in the bone marrow or peripheral blood
• Absence of the t(9;22) or BCR/ABL fusion gene
• JMML category 2 (at least one of the following if at least two category 3 criteria are not present):
• Somatic mutation in RAS or PTPN11
• Clinical diagnosis of NF1 or NF1 gene mutation
• Homozygous mutation in CBL
• Monosomy 7
• JMML category 3 (at least two of the following if no category 2 criteria are met):
• Circulating myeloid precursors
• White blood cell count, > 10 000 (10 x 10^9/ uL)
• Increased hemoglobin F for age
• Clonal cytogenetic abnormality
• GM-CSF hypersensitivity
• Patients with refractory or relapsed JMML must have had at least one cycle of intensive frontline therapy or at least 2 cycles of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) demethylating agent with persistence of disease, defined by clinical symptoms or the presence of a clonal abnormality; frontline therapy is defined as one cycle of intravenous chemotherapy that includes of any of the following agents: fludarabine, cytarabine, or any anthracycline but specifically excludes oral 6-mercaptopurine; frontline therapy will also include any conditioning regimen as part of a stem cell transplant; patients who transform to AML at any point with more than 20% blasts are not eligible for this trial
• Patients must have a Lansky or Karnofsky performance status score of >= 50, corresponding to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) categories 0, 1 or 2; use Karnofsky for patients > 16 years of age and Lansky for patients =< 16 years of age; patients who are unable to walk because of paralysis, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score
• Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy prior to study enrollment
• Myelosuppressive chemotherapy: patients must have completely recovered from all acute toxic effects of chemotherapy, immunotherapy or radiotherapy prior to study enrollment; at least 14 days must have elapsed since the completion of cytotoxic therapy, with the exception of hydroxyurea
• Note: cytoreduction with hydroxyurea can be initiated and continued for up to 24 hours prior to the start of protocol therapy
• Hematopoietic growth factors: at least 14 days after the last dose of a long-acting growth factor (e.g., pegfilgrastim) or 7 days for short-acting growth factor; for agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur
• Biologic (anti-neoplastic agent): at least 7 days must have elapsed since completion of therapy with a biologic agent; for agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period prior to enrollment must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur
• Monoclonal antibodies:
• At least 30 days after the completion of any type of immunotherapy, e.g. tumor vaccines
• At least 3 half-lives must have elapsed since prior therapy that included a monoclonal antibody
• Radiotherapy:
• >= 2 weeks must have elapsed since local palliative external radiation therapy (XRT) (small port)
• >= 6 months must have elapsed if prior craniospinal XRT was received, if >= 50% of the pelvis was irradiated, or if traumatic brain injury (TBI) was received
• >= 4 weeks must have elapsed if other substantial bone marrow irradiation was given
• Stem cell transplant or rescue without TBI: no evidence of active graft versus (vs.) host disease and >= 3 months must have elapsed since transplant; >= 4 weeks must have elapsed since any donor lymphocyte infusion
• Patients must not be known to be refractory to red blood cell or platelet transfusions
• Creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >= 70 mL/min/1.73 m^2 or a serum creatinine based on age/gender as follows:
• Age: Maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL)
• 1 month to < 6 months: 0.4 (male) 0.4 (female)
• 6 months to < 1 year: 0.5 (male) 0.5 (female)
• 1 to < 2 years: 0.6 (male) 0.6 (female)
• 2 to < 6 years: 0.8 (male) 0.8 (female)
• 6 to < 10 years: 1 (male) 1 (female)
• 10 to < 13 years: 1.2 (male) 1.2 (female)
• 13 to < 16 years: 1.5 (male) 1.4 (female)
• >= 16 years: 1.7 (male) 1.4 (female)
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) for age
• Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) =< 3 x ULN (=< 135 U/L) (for the purpose of this study, the ULN for SGPT is 45 U/L)
• Serum albumin >= 2 g/dL
• Shortening fraction of >= 27% by echocardiogram OR ejection fraction of >= 50% by multi-gated acquisition (MUGA)
• Corrected QT (by Bazett's formula [QTcB]) interval < 450 msecs
• Patients must be able to swallow tablets or liquid; use of a nasogastric or gastrostomy (G) tube is also allowed
• Patients who are pregnant or breast-feeding are not eligible for this study as there is yet no available information regarding human fetal or teratogenic toxicities; negative pregnancy tests must be obtained in girls who are post-menarchal; patients of reproductive potential may not participate unless they have agreed to use an effective contraceptive method for the duration of study therapy; women of childbearing potential should be advised to use effective contraception for 4 months after the last dose of trametinib; trametinib may also potentially be secreted in milk and therefore breastfeeding women are excluded; female patients should not breastfeed during treatment with trametinib, and for 4 months following the last dose; male patients must use a condom during intercourse and agree not to father a child during therapy and for 4 months following discontinuation of trametinib to avoid unnecessary exposure of trametinib to the fetus
• Concomitant Medications
• Corticosteroids: patients requiring corticosteroids who have not been on a stable or decreasing dose of corticosteroid for the 7 days prior to enrollment are not eligible; if used to modify immune adverse events related to prior therapy, >= 14 days must have elapsed since last dose of corticosteroid
• Note: hydrocortisone used as a pre-medication to prevent transfusion related reactions is not considered a concomitant corticosteroid
• Investigational drugs: patients who are currently receiving another investigational drug are not eligible
• Anti-cancer agents: patients who are currently receiving other anti-cancer agents are not eligible (except patients receiving hydroxyurea, which may be continued until 24 hours prior to start of protocol therapy)
• Anti-graft versus host disease (GVHD) or agents to prevent organ rejection post-transplant: patients who are receiving cyclosporine, tacrolimus or other agents to prevent either graft-versus-host disease post bone marrow transplant or organ rejection post-transplant are not eligible for this trial
• Cardiac medications: any medications for treatment of left ventricular systolic dysfunction
• Patients who have an uncontrolled infection are not eligible
• Patients who in the opinion of the investigator may not be able to comply with the safety monitoring requirements of the study are not eligible
• Patients with a history of hepatic sinusoid obstructive syndrome (veno-occlusive disease) within the prior 3 months are not eligible
• Patients with a history of or current evidence/risk of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) or central serous retinopathy (CSR) are not eligible
• Patients with a history of RVO or CSR, or predisposing factors to RVO or CSR (e.g., uncontrolled glaucoma or ocular hypertension
• Patients with uncontrolled systemic disease(s) such as hypertension or diabetes mellitus are not eligible; blood pressure must be =< the 95th percentile for age, height, and gender
• Patients with a history of allergic reaction attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to the MEK inhibitor, trametinib are not eligible
• Patients with a clinical diagnosis of Noonan syndrome are not eligible; Note: patients with Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (CBL) syndrome, also known as Noonan-like syndrome, are eligible to enroll

• Age < 1 year at the time of surgery
• Undergoing heart surgery with CPB as part of standard clinical care
• Availability and willingness of the parent/legally authorized representative to provide written informed consent
• < 37 weeks adjusted gestational age at time of surgery
• Any oral or intravenous steroid treatment within two days of surgery
• Any patient receiving any of the following medications within 2 days of surgery: Amphoteracin B, aminoglutethimide, anticholesterases, warfarin, P450 3A4 inducers including (but not limited to) carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin, bosentan and nafcillin or P450 3A4 inhibitors including (but not limited to) clarithromycin, voriconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, ciprofloxacin, diltiazem, fluconazole, erythromycin and verapamil.
• Infection contraindicating steroid use
• Preoperative mechanical circulatory support or active resuscitation at the time of randomization
• Emergent surgery precluding steroid administration 8-12 hours before surgery

• Patients less than 12 months of age
• Clinical signs of moderate to severe bronchiolitis defined by American Academy of Pediatrics
• Requires ICU level of care by clinicians' discretion
• Requiring HFNC support
• Infants who required immediate need for respiratory support such as non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) or invasive ventilation
• Congenital heart disease,
• Immunocompromised state
• Upper airway obstruction
• Chronic lung disease
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia,
• Home oxygen therapy requirement
• Acute trauma patients
• Baseline craniofacial malformations
• Admitted to the neonatal or cardiac ICUs
• Patients who are admitted to the floor

• Age greater than or equal to 1 month and less than or equal to 12 months at the time of randomization; AND
• Positive congenital CMV by urine culture or polymerase chain reaction test(PCR), OR saliva culture or PCR followed by confirmatory urine PCR by 21 days of age, OR urine culture or PCR after 21 days of age followed by newborn dry blood spot PCR; AND
• Confirmed sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) by auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing. For ABR assessments, hearing loss is defined as levels greater than 25 dB normal hearing levels (NHL) at 1, 2, or 4 kHz in one or both ears.
• Imminent demise; OR
• Known hypersensitivity reaction to valganciclovir, ganciclovir, or any components of the investigational product formulation; OR
• ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) five times baseline U/L, hepatomegaly, or significant gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., eosinophilic esophagitis, ulcerative colitis); OR
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 500 cells/mm^3, Hemoglobin less than 8 g/dL, or platelets less than 50,000/mm^3, splenomegaly, or significant hematologic disorders (e.g., hemophilia, leukemia, sickle cell anemia); OR
• Creatinine clearance less than 60 mL/min/1.73m^2 or significant renal disorders (e.g., nephrotic syndrome); OR
• Receiving other antiviral medications or immune globulin therapy; OR
• Receiving other investigational drugs; OR
• Breast feeding from a mother receiving antiviral or immunosuppressive medication; OR
• Known HIV positive mother (risk of immunosuppression); OR
• Subject is currently using list of prohibited medication specified by the package insert; OR
• Other known cause contributing to SNHL (e.g., meningitis, aminoglycoside ototoxicity); OR
• Bilateral profound SNHL or auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder; OR
• Existing conductive hearing loss or mixed permanent hearing loss is present; OR
• Evidence of intracranial calcification; OR
• Evidence of hydrocephalus; OR
• Microcephaly; OR
• Presence of petechiae; OR
• Intrauterine growth retardation; OR
• Chorioretinitis, optic atrophy or pale optic nerves; OR
• Parent or guardian unable to speak English or Spanish; OR
• Subject exposed to a language other than English or Spanish a majority of the time; OR
• Subject unable to complete hearing assessments or parent/guardian unable to complete communication questionnaires; OR
• < 32 weeks gestational age at birth; OR
• Weight at the time of birth < 1800 g.

Key
• Heterozygous for F508del and a minimal function mutation (F/MF genotype)
• Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) value >=40% and <=90% of predicted mean for age, sex, and height for participants currently receiving ELX/TEZ/IVA therapy; FEV1 >=40% and <=80% for participants not currently receiving ELX/TEZ/IVA Key
• History of solid organ or hematological transplantation
• Hepatic cirrhosis with portal hypertension, moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh Score 7 to 9), or severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh Score 10 to 15)
• Lung infection with organisms associated with a more rapid decline in pulmonary status
• Pregnant or breast-feeding females Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply

Key
• Participant has one of the following genotypes:
• Homozygous for F508del;
• Heterozygous for F508del and a gating (F/G) mutation;
• Heterozygous for F508del and a residual function (F/RF) mutation;
• At least 1 other TCR CFTR gene mutation identified as responsive to ELX/TEZ/IVA and no F508del mutation
• Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) value >=40% and <=90% of predicted mean for age, sex, and height for participants currently receiving CFTR protein modulator therapy; FEV1 >=40% and <=80% for participants not currently receiving CFTR protein modulator therapy Key
• History of solid organ or hematological transplantation
• Hepatic cirrhosis with portal hypertension, moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh Score 7 to 9), or severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh Score 10 to 15)
• Lung infection with organisms associated with a more rapid decline in pulmonary status
• Pregnant or breast-feeding females Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply

• infants/ children with midshaft or distal hypospadias undergoing primary single stage repair in one of the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network participating centers.
• prior hypospadias surgery,
• proximal or penoscrotal hypospadias,
• abnormal caudal anatomy or spinal dysraphism,
• cyanotic congenital heart disease,
• infection or rash at the block injection site.

Inclusion: 1. Histologically confirmed relapsed or refractory solid tumor as follows:
• For dose escalation and dose determination parts: Histologically confirmed relapsed or refractory solid tumor (including CNS tumors but not lymphomas). Patients with Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma do not require histological only radiographic confirmed relapse to enroll.
• For dose expansion and tumor specific cohorts: Histologically confirmed relapsed or refractory solid tumor including but not limited to EWS, rhabdoid tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and medulloblastoma. Patients with Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma do not require histological only radiographic confirmed relapse to enroll. EWS is not eligible for TOPO and CTX tumor-specific cohorts.
• For randomized Phase 2 part: Histologically confirmed Ewing sarcoma. Histopathology confirmation of EWSR1-ETS or FUS-ETS rearrangement is required or availability of formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue sample for central testing. Patient must have relapsed or refractory disease with no known bone marrow metastases and at least evaluable disease. 2. Age ≥2 and <21 years at the time of study entry. 3. Lansky performance status ≥50% for patients ≤16 years of age, or Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0, 1 or 2 for patients >16 years of age. 4. Adequate bone marrow function.
• Absolute neutrophil count ≥1000/mm3;
• Platelet count ≥100,000/mm3 (transfusion independent, no platelet transfusion in past 7 days prior study entry);
• Hemoglobin ≥8.5 g/dL (transfusion allowed). 5. Adequate renal function: Serum creatinine level based on age/gender must within protocol specified limits. 6. Adequate liver function, including:
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤2.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN) or ≤5 × ULN for age, if attributable to disease involvement of the liver;
• Total bilirubin ≤1.5 × ULN for age, unless the patient has documented Gilbert's syndrome. 7. Patients enrolled to Phase 1 portion of the study and tumor specific cohorts must have measurable disease as defined by RECIST version 1.1 or modified RANO criteria for CNS disease or INRC for neuroblastoma. Patients with EWS enrolled to Phase 2 portion of the study are eligible with evaluable disease (eg, bone only disease with no soft tissue component). 8. Recovered to CTCAE Grade ≤1, or to baseline, from any non-hematological acute toxicities of prior surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, differentiation therapy or biologic therapy, with the exception of alopecia. 9. Serum/urine pregnancy test (for all girls ≥8 years of age) negative at screening and at the baseline visit. 10. Evidence of a personally signed and dated informed consent document indicating that the patient or a legally acceptable representative/parent(s)/legal guardian of minors, has been informed of all pertinent aspects of the study. Minor study patients also must provide age appropriate assent according to the local guidelines, where applicable. 11. Willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plan, laboratory tests, and other procedures. Exclusion: 1. Phase 1 and tumor specific cohorts: For palbociclib with IRN and TMZ combination, prior treatment with a CDK4/6 inhibitor or progression while on treatment with an IRN-containing regimen that includes TMZ. Patients who have received the combination of IRN and TMZ and did not progress while on these medications are eligible. For patients enrolling in the palbociclib with TOPO and CTX combination, prior treatment with a CDK4/6 inhibitor or progression while on treatment with a TOPO-containing regimen that includes CTX. Patients who have received the combination of TOPO and CTX and did not progress while on these medications are eligible. Phase 2 :prior treatment with a CDK4/6 inhibitor or prior treatment with an IRN and/or TMZ-containing regimen. 2. Prior intolerability to IRN and/or TMZ plus/minus palbociclib with IRN and TMZ combination and prior intolerability to TOPO and/or CTX for TOPO and CTX combination. 3. Use of strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A inhibitors or inducers. Patients who are receiving strong uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) inhibitors within 12 days of Cycle 1 Day 1 (C1D1) are not eligible for the palbociclib with IRN and TMZ combination. Patients who are receiving strong UGT1A1 inhibitors within 12 days of C1D1 are eligible for the palbociclib with TOPO and CTX combination (See Section 5.7.1 for list of products.) 4. Prior growth factors (including filgrastim) within 7 days before study entry or PEG-filgrastim within 14 days before study entry. 5. Radiation therapy within 14 days before study entry. 6. Systemic anti cancer therapy within 2 weeks prior to study entry and 6 weeks for nitrosoureas. 7. Previous high dose chemotherapy requiring stem cell rescue within 90 days or persistent AE >Grade 1. 8. Prior irradiation to >50% of the bone marrow (see Appendix 9). 9. Participation in other studies involving investigational drug(s) within 2 weeks or 5 half lives, whichever is longer, prior to study entry. 10. Major surgery within 4 weeks prior to study entry. Surgical biopsies or central line placement are not considered major surgeries. 11. For IRN and TMZ with/without palbociclib combinations: known or suspected hypersensitivity to palbociclib, IRN and/or TMZ. For combination of palbociclib with TOPO and CTX: known or suspected hypersensitivity to palbociclib, TOPO and/or CTX. 12. Patients with known symptomatic brain tumors or brain metastases and require steroids, unless they have been on a stable or on a decreasing steroid dose for >14 days. 13. Patients with previously diagnosed brain metastases are eligible if they have completed their prior treatment and have recovered from the acute effects of radiation therapy or surgery prior to study entry for these metastases for at least 14 days post radiation and 4 weeks post-surgery and are neurologically stable. 14. Hereditary bone marrow failure disorder.Phase 2 portion patients with bone marrow involvement are excluded. 15. QTc >470 msec. 16. History of clinically significant or uncontrolled cardiac disease, including:
• History of or active congestive heart failure; if patient had congestive heart failure resolve and >1 year from resolution, patient will be considered eligible;
• Clinically significant ventricular arrhythmia (such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or Torsades de Pointes);
• Diagnosed or suspected congenital or acquired prolonged QT syndrome;
• Need for medications known to prolong the QT interval;
• Uncorrected hypomagnesemia or hypokalemia because of potential effects on the QT interval;
• Left ventricular ejection fraction <50% or shortening fraction <28%. 17. Recent or ongoing clinically significant gastrointestinal disorder that may interfere with absorption of orally administered drugs (eg, gastrectomy). 18. Evidence of serious active or uncontrolled bacterial, fungal or viral infection or known history of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, or human immunodeficiency virus infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related illness. 19. Other severe acute or chronic medical or laboratory test abnormality that may increase the risk associated with study participation or investigational product administration or may interfere with the interpretation of study results, and in the judgment of the Investigator, would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this study. 20. Investigator site staff members directly involved in the conduct of the study and their family members, site staff members otherwise supervised by the investigator, or patients who are Pfizer employees, including their family members, directly involved in the conduct of the study. 21. Fertile male patients and female patients of childbearing potential who are unwilling or unable to use a highly effective method of contraception as outlined in this protocol for the duration of the study and for at least 90 after the last dose of investigational product.

• Age Patients must be ≤21 years of age at the time of enrollment. 1. Phase 1
•Initial enrollment will be restricted to patients < 18 years of age until 9 such patients are enrolled 2. Phase 2
•Initial enrollment will be restricted to patients < 18 years of age until 6 such patients are enrolled
• Diagnosis Patients must have a diagnosis of relapsed/refractory ALL or LLy with or without extramedullary disease (including CNS2 and CNS3). Patient with mixed phenotype ALL or mature B (Burkitt-like) leukemia are not eligible. 1. Patients with ALL must have ≥ 5% blasts by morphology. 2. Patients with LLy must have measurable disease documented by clinical, radiologic or histologic criteria
• Performance Level Karnofsky ≥ 50% for patients > 16 years of age and Lansky ≥ 50% for patients ≤ 16 years of age.
• Prior Therapy A. Prior therapeutic attempts
• Phase 1
•Any patients with relapsed/refractory ALL or LLy
• Phase 2 1. B-cell ALL/LLy: all patients must have failed two or more therapeutic attempts. 2. T-cell ALL/LLy: all patients must have failed one or more therapeutic attempts. B. Recent prior chemotherapy Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy prior to entering this study.
• Cytoreduction with hydroxyurea Hydroxyurea can be initiated and continued for up to 24 hours prior to the start of protocol therapy.
• Patients who relapsed while they are receiving cytotoxic therapy At least 14 days must have elapsed since the completion of the last dose of chemotherapy,except Intrathecal chemotherapy, and/or maintenance therapy such as vincristine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate or glucocorticoids. There is no waiting period for those relapsing on maintenance therapy. C. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant: Patients who have experienced their relapse after a HSCT are eligible, provided they have no evidence of acute or chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD), are not receiving GVHD prophylaxis or treatment, and are at least 90 days post-transplant at the time of enrollment. D. Hematopoietic growth factors: It must have been at least 7 days since the completion of therapy with G-CSF or other growth factors at the time of enrollment. It must have been at least 14 days since the completion of therapy with pegfilgrastim (Neulasta®). E. Biologic (anti-neoplastic agent): At least 7 days since the last dose of a biologic agent. For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur. The duration of this interval must be discussed with the study chair 1. Monoclonal antibodies: At least 3 half-lives of the antibody must have elapsed after the last dose of monoclonal antibody. (i.e., blinatumomab = 6 hours,44 inotuzumab = 37 days, rituximab = 66 days) 2. Immunotherapy: At least 30 days after the completion of any type of immunotherapy, e.g., tumor vaccines, CAR T cells. F. XRT: Craniospinal XRT is prohibited during protocol therapy. No washout period is necessary for radiation given to any extramedullary site other than CNS; ≥90 days must have elapsed if prior total body irradiation (TBI) or craniospinal XRT. G. Anthracyclines: Patients must have had a lifetime exposure of <400 mg/m2 of doxorubicin equivalents of anthracyclines. H. Proteasome inhibitors: Patients with a prior exposure to proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib, carfilzomib) are eligible as long as the patient demonstrated at least a partial response to a proteasome inhibitor with chemotherapy combination. -Renal and hepatic function Patients must have adequate renal and hepatic functions as indicated by the following laboratory values: A. Adequate renal function defined as: Patient must have a calculated creatinine clearance or radioisotope GFR 70ml/min/1.73m2 OR a normal serum creatinine based on age/gender B. Adequate Liver Function Defined as: Direct bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) for age or normal (except in the presence of Gilbert's syndrome), AND alanine transaminase (ALT) ≤ 5 x ULN for age. The hepatic requirements are waived for patients with known or suspected liver involvement by leukemia or lymphoma. This must be reviewed by and approved by the study chair or vice chair.
• Adequate Cardiac Function Defined as: Shortening fraction of more than or equal to 27% by echocardiogram, OR ejection fraction of equal to or more than 50% by radionuclide angiogram (MUGA).
• Reproductive Function A. Female patients of childbearing potential must have a negative urine or serum pregnancy test confirmed within 2 weeks prior to enrollment. B. Female patients with infants must agree not to breastfeed their infants while on this study. C. Male and female patients of child-bearing potential must agree to use an effective method of contraception approved by the investigator during the study and for a minimum of 6 months after study treatment.
• Informed Consent Patients and/or their parents or legal guardians must be capable of understanding the investigational nature, potential risks and benefits of the study. All patients and/or their parents or legal guardians must sign a written informed consent. Age appropriate assent will be obtained per institutional guidelines. To allow non-English speaking patients to participate in this study, bilingual health services will be provided in the appropriate language when feasible.
• All institutional, FDA, and OHRP requirements for human studies must be met. Patients will be excluded if they have isolated CNS or testicular disease. Patients will be excluded if they have ≥grade 2 peripheral sensory or motor neuropathy (defined by the Modified "Balis" Pediatric Scale of Pediatric Neuropathies) at the time of enrollment (see section 4.7.1.1). Patients will be excluded if they have a known allergy or intolerance to any of the drugs used in the study
•except for PEG-asparaginase for which erwinia asparaginase may be substituted Patients will be excluded if they have a systemic fungal, bacterial, viral or other infection that is exhibiting ongoing signs/symptoms related to the infection without improvement despite appropriate antibiotics or other treatment. The patient needs to be off pressors and have negative blood cultures for 48 hours. Patients will be excluded if there is a plan to administer non-protocol chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy during the study period. Patients will be excluded if they have significant concurrent disease, illness, psychiatric disorder or social issue that would compromise patient safety or compliance with the protocol treatment or procedures, interfere with consent, study participation, follow up, or interpretation of study results. Patients with DNA fragility syndromes (such as Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome) are excluded. Patients will be excluded if they have had a lifetime exposure of ≥400 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivolents of anthracyclines (anthracycline equivalence to doxorubicin conversion see appendix iv) . Concomitant medications Investigational drugs: Patients currently receiving another investigational drug are not eligible. Anti-GVHD agents post transplant: patients who are receiving cyclosporine, tacrolimus or other agents to prevent graft-versus-host disease post hematopoetic stem cell transplant are not eligible. CYP3A4 agents: patients who are currently receiving drugs that are strong inducers of CYP3A4 are not eligible. Strong inducers of CYP3A4 should be avoided from 14 days prior to enrollment to the end of the study. See appendix ii for a list of agents which fall into this category. Patients with Ph+ALL and Ph-like ALL who are currently receiving TKI therapy Infants or Patients with Down Syndrome will be excluded in phase 2 of the study

• Age 5 through 21 years old at the time of screening for Cohorts 1 and 2; Age ≥2 years old at the time of screening for Cohort 3.
• Documented diagnosis of 5q SMA.
• Diagnosed as later-onset (e.g., Type 2 or Type 3) SMA prior to receiving any treatment with therapy approved for SMA.
• Non-ambulatory patients must be able to sit independently (sits up straight with head erect for at least 10 seconds; does not use arms or hands to balance body or support position) per World Health Organization (WHO) motor milestones definition at screening.
• Ambulatory patients must have the ability to independently ambulate without aids or orthotics over 10 meters in 30 seconds or less at screening.
• Receiving the same background SMA therapy (e.g., on an approved survival motor neuron (SMN) upregulator therapy such as nusinersen, or not on any SMA therapy) for at least 6 months prior to screening and anticipated to remain on that therapy throughout the duration of the study.
• If receiving the SMN upregulator therapy nusinersen, must have completed the loading regimen and initiated maintenance dosing (i.e., completed at least one maintenance dose) with at least 4 weeks after the first maintenance dose having elapsed prior to screening.
• Nutritional status stable over the past 6 months and anticipated to be stable throughout the duration of the study.
• Have no physical limitations that would prevent the patient from undergoing motor function outcome measures throughout the duration of the study.
• Able to receive study drug infusions and provide blood samples through the use of a peripheral intravenous (IV) or a long-term IV access device that the patient has placed for reasons independent from the study throughout the duration of the study.
• Able to adhere to the requirements of the protocol, including travel to the study center and completing all study procedures and study visits.
• For patients who are expected to have reached reproductive maturity by the end of the study, adhere to study specific contraception requirements.
• Use of tracheostomy with positive pressure.
• Use of chronic daytime non-invasive ventilatory support for >16 hours daily in the 2 weeks prior to dosing, or anticipated to regularly receive such daytime ventilator support chronically over the duration of the study.
• Any acute or co-morbid condition interfering with the well-being of the patient within 14 days of screening, including active systemic infection, the need for acute treatment or inpatient observation due to any reason.
• Severe scoliosis and/or contractures at screening. Based on clinical judgement, any scoliosis or contractures present must be stable over the past 6 months, anticipated to be stable for the duration of the study and not prevent the patient from being evaluated on any functional outcome measures throughout the duration of the study.
• Pregnant or breastfeeding.
• Major orthopedic or other interventional procedure, including spine or hip surgery, considered to have the potential to substantially limit the ability of the patient to be evaluated on any functional outcome measures, within 6 months prior to screening, or anticipated for the duration of the study.
• Prior history of a hypersensitivity reaction to a monoclonal antibody (mAb) or recombinant protein bearing an Fc domain (such as a soluble receptor- Fc fusion protein).
• Use of systemic corticosteroids within 60 days prior to screening. Inhaled or topical steroids are allowed.
• Treatment with investigational drugs within 3 months prior to screening.
• Use of therapies with potentially significant muscle effects (such as androgens, insulin-like growth factor, growth hormone, systemic betaagonist, botulinum toxin, or muscle relaxants) or muscle-enhancing supplements within 60 days prior to screening.
• Patient has any other condition, which in the opinion of the Investigator may compromise safety or compliance, would preclude the patient from successful completion of the study, or interfere with the interpretation of the results.