• Histologically or cytologically-confirmed Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, or osteosarcoma
• Disease progression after prior therapy in locally advanced or metastatic setting
• Measurable or evaluable disease based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST v1.1) criteria
• Age 12 months to <21 years
• Adequate bone marrow reserves, hepatic function, and renal function
• Recovered from effects of any prior surgery or cancer therapy
• Patients 18 years or older will provide written consent. A parent or legal guardian of a patient <18 years of age will provide informed consent and patients 11 to 18 years of age will provide written assent or as per participating institutional policy.
• Clinically significant gastrointestinal disorders
• NYHA Class III or IV congestive heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias or uncontrolled blood pressure
• Active infection or unexplained fever
• Known hypersensitivity to any of the components of MM-398 or other liposomal products
• Recent Investigational therapy
• Pregnant or breast feeding; females of child-bearing potential must test negative for pregnancy at the time of enrollment

Key For Phase 1:
• Participants with a locally advanced or metastatic solid tumor that:
• Has progressed on or is intolerant to standard therapy, or
• For which no standard therapy exists, or in the opinion of the Investigator, are not candidates for or would be unlikely to tolerate or derive significant clinical benefit from standard therapy, or
• Decline standard therapy
• Prior multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) with anti-RET activity are allowed
• A RET gene alteration is not required initially. Once adequate PK exposure is achieved, evidence of RET gene alteration in tumor and/or blood is required as identified through molecular assays, as performed for clinical evaluation
• Measurable or non-measurable disease as determined by RECIST 1.1 or RANO as appropriate to tumor type
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score of 0, 1, or 2 or Lansky Performance Score (LPS) greater than or equal to (≥) 40 percent (%) (age less than [<] 16 years) with no sudden deterioration 2 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment
• Adequate hematologic, hepatic and renal function
• Life expectancy of at least 3 months For Phase 2: As for phase 1 with the following modifications:
• For Cohort 1: Participants must have received prior standard therapy appropriate for their tumor type and stage of disease, or in the opinion of the Investigator, would be unlikely to tolerate or derive clinical benefit from appropriate standard of care therapy
• Cohorts 1 and 2:
• Enrollment will be restricted to participants with evidence of a RET gene alteration in tumor
• At least one measurable lesion as defined by RECIST 1.1 or RANO, as appropriate to tumor type and not previously irradiated
• Cohorts 3 and 4: Enrollment closed
• Cohort 5:
• Without measurable disease but otherwise meet criteria for Cohorts 1 and 2;
• MTC syndrome spectrum cancers (e.g., MTC, pheochromocytoma), cancers with neuroendocrine features/differentiation, or poorly differentiated thyroid cancers with other RET alteration/activation may be allowed with prior Sponsor approval;
• cfDNA positive for a RET gene alteration not known to be present in a tumor sample
• Cohort 6: Participants who otherwise are eligible for Cohorts 1, 2 or 5 who discontinued another RET inhibitor due to intolerance may be eligible with prior Sponsor approval
• Cohort 7: Participants must have a histologically confirmed stage IB-IIIA NSCLC by AJCC (The American Joint Committee on Cancer) version 8. The tumor must have been deemed resectable by a thoracic surgeon, the participant must be determined to be medically operable based on the determination of a thoracic surgeon, and the participant must not have received prior systemic therapy, including prior radiation therapy, for NSCLC. Key Exclusion Criteria (Phase 1 and Phase 2):
• Phase 2 Cohorts 1 and 2: an additional known oncogenic driver
• Cohorts 3 and 4: Enrollment closed
• Cohorts 1, 2 and 5: prior treatment with a selective RET inhibitor Notes: Participants otherwise eligible for Cohorts 1, 2, and 5 who discontinued another selective RET inhibitor may be eligible for Phase 2 Cohort 6 with prior Sponsor approval
• Investigational agent or anticancer therapy (including chemotherapy, biologic therapy, immunotherapy, anticancer Chinese medicine or other anticancer herbal remedy) within 5 half-lives or 2 weeks (whichever is shorter) prior to planned start of LOXO-292 (selpercatinib). In addition, no concurrent investigational anti-cancer therapy is permitted Note: Potential exception for this exclusion criterion will require a valid scientific justification and approval from the Sponsor
• Major surgery (excluding placement of vascular access) within 4 weeks prior to planned start of LOXO-292 (selpercatinib)
• Radiotherapy with a limited field of radiation for palliation within 1 week of planned start of LOXO-292 (selpercatinib), with the exception of participants receiving radiation to more than 30% of the bone marrow or with a wide field of radiation, which must be completed at least 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment
• Any unresolved toxicities from prior therapy greater than Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Grade 1 at the time of starting study treatment with the exception of alopecia and Grade 2, prior platinum-therapy related neuropathy
• Symptomatic primary CNS tumor, metastases, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, or untreated spinal cord compression. Participants are eligible if neurological symptoms and CNS imaging are stable and steroid dose is stable for 14 days prior to the first dose of LOXO-292 (selpercatinib) and no CNS surgery or radiation has been performed for 28 days, 14 days if stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)
• Clinically significant active cardiovascular disease or history of myocardial infarction within 6 months prior to planned start of LOXO-292 (selpercatinib) or prolongation of the QT interval corrected (QTcF) greater than (>) 470 milliseconds (msec)
• Required treatment with certain strong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors or inducers and certain prohibited concomitant medications

• Treated or untreated stage I hypertension
• Diabetes mellitus,
• Renal impairment (serum creatinine > 1.4 mg/dL),
• Any heart diseases such as congestive heart failure, sustained arrhythmia, or coronary heart disease,
• Chronic regular NSAID use,
• Allergy to thiazide diuretics,
• Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) requiring treatment with acid reducing agents or antacid more than once a week,
• Esophageal-gastric ulcer or history of gastrointestinal bleeding,
• Chronic diarrhea, vomiting,
• Excessive sweating,
• Unprovoked hypokalemia (serum K < 3.5 mmol/L) or hyperkalemia (serum K > 5.3 mmol/L),
• Abnormal liver function test (Aspartate transaminase (AST) or Alanine transaminase (ALT) above upper limit of normal range),
• Subjects on any potassium supplement on a regular basis for any reason, such as patients with primary aldosteronism,
• Pregnancy,
• History of major depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia,
• History of substance abuse,
• Gout,
• Metabolic alkalosis, with serum bicarbonate > 32 meq/L,
• Severe dietary salt restriction, less than1/2 spoonful or 50 meq sodium/day.
• Patient with Claustrophobia will not have MRI but can still participate in the study without MRI
• Metal implants will not have MRI but can still participate in the study without MRI

• Advanced solid tumor for which, in the opinion of the investigator, no other standard therapy offers greater benefit.
• A solid tumor diagnosis in the setting of:
• a) a documented NTRK fusion and a clinical history of relapse following a response to a prior TRK inhibitor
• b) a documented NTRK fusion unresponsive to a prior TRK inhibitor
• c) a documented NTRK fusion and a clinical history of intolerance to a prior TRK inhibitor
• NTRK gene fusions will be identified in a CLIA-certified (or equivalently-accredited diagnostic) laboratory. If such a report cannot be provided, other available certifications/accreditations are required and need to be documented. Patients with infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS) or congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) may be enrolled based on an ETV6+ FISH test without identifying NTRK3.
• Performance Status: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score ≤ 2 in adults or Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) Score≥50% (age ≥ 16 years) or Lansky Performance Score (LPS) ≥ 40% (age < 16 years).
• Life expectancy of at least 3 months.
• Adequate hematologic, hepatic and renal function.
• Patients with stable central nervous system (CNS) primary tumor, brain metastases, or treated spinal cord compression are eligible if neurological symptoms have been stable for 7 days prior to the first dose of selitrectinib.
• Ability to receive study drug orally or by enteral administration
• Prior exposure to second generation TRK inhibitor (e.g. selitrectinib, repotrectinib (TPX-0005)), taletrectinib (DS-6501b/AB-106)). Exception is in case patient presented intolerance to the second generation TRK inhibitor agent and the duration of exposure was less than 28 days. No previous treatment with selitrectinib is allowed.
• Concurrent treatment with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer, consumption of grapefruit juice or Seville oranges, or drugs associated with QT prolongation.
• Clinically significant active cardiovascular disease or history of myocardial infarction within 3 months prior to planned start of selitrectinib, or prolongation of QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc interval) >480 milliseconds within past 6 months
• Major surgery within 7 days of enrollment
• Uncontrolled systemic bacterial, fungal or viral infection.
• Pregnancy or lactation.
• Known hypersensitivity to selitrectinib or Ora-Sweet® SF and OraPlus® for patients receiving liquid formulation.

• Male or female, age above or equal to 18 years at the time of signing informed consent. Japan: Male or female, age above or equal to 20 years at the time of signing informed consent
• Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus
• HbA1c less than or equal to 10% (less than or equal to 86 mmol/mol)
• Renal impairment defined either by: 1. serum creatinine-based eGFR greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 75 mL/min/1.73 m^2 (CKD-EPI) and UACR greater than 300 and less than 5000 mg/g or 2. serum creatinine-based eGFR greater than or equal to 25 and less than 50 mL/min/1.73 m^2 (CKD-EPI) and UACR greater than 100 and less than 5000 mg/g
• Treatment with maximum labelled or tolerated dose of a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blocking agent including an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), unless such treatment is contraindicated or not tolerated. Treatment dose must be stable for at least 4 weeks prior to the date of the laboratory assessments used for determination of the inclusion criteria for renal impairment and kept stable until screening
• Congenital or hereditary kidney diseases including polycystic kidney disease, autoimmune kidney diseases including glomerulonephritis or congenital urinary tract malformations
• Use of any glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist within 30 days prior to screening
• Myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalisation for unstable angina pectoris or transient ischaemic attack within 60 days prior to the day of screening
• Presently classified as being in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class IV heart failure
• Planned coronary, carotid or peripheral artery revascularisation
• Current (or within 90 days) chronic or intermittent haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis
• Uncontrolled and potentially unstable diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy. Verified by a fundus examination performed within the past 90 days prior to screening or in the period between screening and randomisation. Pharmacological pupil-dilation is a requirement unless using a digital fundus photography camera specified for non-dilated examination

• Male or female, age equal to or above 50 years at the time of signing informed consent
• Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus
• HbA1c 6.5%
•10.0% (47
•86 mmol/mol) (both inclusive) (latest available and no more than 30 days old local laboratory assessment based on medical records or point of care measurement)
• At least one of the below conditions (a-d): a) Coronary heart disease defined as at least one of the following: i. Prior myocardial infarction ii. Prior coronary revascularisation procedure iii. 50% or above stenosis in coronary artery documented by cardiac catheterisation, computerized tomography coronary angiography iv. Coronary heart disease with ischaemia documented by stress test with any imaging modality b) Cerebrovascular disease defined as at least one of the following: i. Prior stroke ii. Prior carotid artery revascularisation procedure iii.50% or above stenosis in carotid artery documented by X-ray angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, computerized tomography angiography or Doppler ultrasound c) Symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) defined as at least one of the following: i. Intermittent claudication with an Ankle-brachial index (ABI) below 0.85 at rest ii. Intermittent claudication with a 50% or above stenosis in peripheral artery (excluding carotid) documented by X-ray angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, computerized tomography angiography or Doppler ultrasound iii. Prior peripheral artery (excluding carotid) revascularization procedure iv. Lower extremity amputation at or above ankle due to atherosclerotic disease (excluding e.g. trauma or osteomyelitis) d) Chronic kidney disease defined as: i. eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73 m^2 (based on medical records using latest available and no more than 6 months old assessment)
• Any of the following: myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalisation for unstable angina pectoris or transient ischaemic attack within the past 60 days prior to the day of screening
• Planned coronary, carotid or peripheral artery revascularisation known on the day of screening
• Heart failure presently classified as being in New York Heart Association Class IV
• Treatment with any glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist within 30 days before screening

1. Pre-pubescent girls (age 2 years [12 kg minimum] to 8 years inclusive; skeletal age <10 years) or boys (age 2 years [12 kg] to 9 years inclusive; skeletal age <11 years). 2. Confirmed classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency evident by genotype groups A, A1 or B or clinical course (e.g., adrenal crisis with documented hyperkalemia and hyponatremia, at diagnosis or during a later evaluation; ambiguous genitalia in females). Documentation of one or both parents' genotypes may be required to confirm the subject's genotype. 3. Requirement for standard of care fludrocortisone (any dose) and ≥10 mg/m2/day of hydrocortisone for at least 1 month prior to the study consent. 4. Morning serum androstenedione concentrations >1.5 x Upper limit normal (ULN) after 7 days of dosing with doses of hydrocortisone required for physiologic replacement. 5. At least one parent (or other legally acceptable representative) must sign the informed consent form before the performance of any study procedures, but both parents must sign if both have parental rights. Children who are capable of providing assent (typically 10 years of age and older) must sign an assent form before the performance of any study procedures 1. Evidence of central puberty: Tanner Stage >2 for breast development in girls or testicular volume >4 mL in boys, or random luteinizing hormone (LH) >0.3 milli-international units (mIU)/mL. Subjects with pubic and/or axillary hair as the only sign of puberty onset will be allowed. 2. Current or history of hepatitis from any etiology, including history of active viral hepatitis A, B, or C. 3. Patients with baseline hepatic impairment are excluded from this trial. To be eligible for this protocol, patients must meet all of the following criteria: AST, ALT and Total bilirubin < ULN Albumin > lower limits of normal (LLN) No evidence of ascites No evidence of encephalopathy 4. Abnormalities of liver function developing during the study 5. Abnormal renal function tests, defined as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or creatinine >1.5 ULN for age. 6. Significant anemia (hemoglobin < 12 g/dl). If documented to be due to iron deficiency, subjects may be rescreened 3 months after this has been treated. 7. Clinically significant abnormality in the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) 8. A history of a malabsorption syndrome. 9. Evidence of active malignancy. 10. Serious or uncontrolled co-existent disease, including active or uncontrolled infection. Subjects may be rescreened after resolution of any such condition. 11. Concurrent medical condition or disease other than 21-hydroxylase deficiency that may interfere with linear growth or that requires concomitant therapy that is likely to interfere with study procedures or results. 12. Asthma or other condition requiring treatment with systemic corticosteroids within the past 3 months. Asthma treatment with inhaled corticosteroids is permitted. 13. Treatment with potentially hepatotoxic medications (statins); strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 (ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, atazanavir, nefazodone, saquinavir, telithromycin, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, voriconazole), or CYP3A4 inducers (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampin, rifabutin, rifapentine, phenobarbital). CYP2C8 substrates (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, rapaglinide) and CYP2D6 substrates (dextromethorphan, thioridazine) should be avoided 14. Treatment with medications to affect puberty or synthesis of sex steroids, including gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists, aromatase inhibitors, or androgen receptor blockers (e.g., flutamide, spironolactone). However, a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist may be started during the study for treatment-emergent central puberty without disqualifying the subject 15. Treatment with growth hormone at enrollment or during the course of the study. 16. Known allergies, hypersensitivity, or intolerance to abiraterone acetate or its excipients (refer to United States Prescribing Information). 17. Has received an investigational drug within 4 weeks of the planned first dose of study drug or is currently enrolled in an investigational interventional study. 18. Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would make participation not be in the best interest (eg, compromise the well-being) of the subject or that could prevent, limit, or confound the protocol-specified assessments. 19. Presence or history of cataracts.

• Male or female, age greater than or equal to 18 years at the time of signing informed consent
• Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus greater than or equal to 10 years prior to the day of screening
• HbA1c of 7.0-10.0% (53-86 mmol/mol) (both inclusive)
• Eye inclusion criteria (both eyes must meet all criteria):
• Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) level of 10-75 (both inclusive) evaluated by fundus photography and confirmed by central reading centre
• No ocular or intraocular treatment for diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular oedema twelve months prior to the day of screening
• No anticipated need for ocular or intraocular treatment for diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular oedema within six months after randomisation
• Best-corrected visual acuity greater than or equal to 30 letters using the ETDRS visual acuity protocol
• No previous treatment with pan-retinal laser photocoagulation
• No substantial non-diabetic ocular condition that, in the opinion of the ophthalmologist, would impact diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular oedema progression during the trial
• No substantial media opacities that would preclude successful imaging
• Any of the following: myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina pectoris or transient ischaemic attack within the past 60 days prior to the day of screening
• Planned coronary, carotid or peripheral artery revascularisation known on the day of screening
• Subjects presently classified as being in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class IV
• Renal impairment measured as estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) value of eGFR less than 30 ml/min/1.73 m^2
• Personal or first degree relative(s) history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 or medullary thyroid carcinoma
• Presence or history of malignant neoplasms within the past 5 years prior to the day of screening. Basal and squamous cell skin cancer and any carcinoma in-situ are allowed
• Female who is pregnant, breast-feeding or intends to become pregnant or is of child-bearing potential and not using highly effective contraceptive methods
• Current or previous (within 30 days before screening) treatment with any glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor
• Receipt of any investigational medicinal product within 30 days before screening
• Previous participation in this trial. Participation is defined as randomisation
• Known or suspected hypersensitivity to trial products or related products
• Any disorder, which in the investigator's opinion might jeopardise subject's safety or compliance with the protocol

Inclusion Criteria 1. Biopsy-proven non-hematopoietic malignancy, except for small cell lung cancer, germ cell cancer, or unknown primary tumor. 2. Radiographic evidence by MRI (or by CT scan with CT contrast if ineligible or intolerant of MRI) of brain metastasis. (If patient is unable to tolerate MRI contrast, an MRI without contrast is acceptable if lesions are visible) 3. All brain metastases must be outside the brain stem (midbrain, pons and medulla). 4. Patient must have 10 or less brain metastases. 5. The maximum diameter of any lesion must be less than or equal to 3.0 cm. 6. Previous treatment with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or any targeted agents are allowed provided that:
• Radiation was not to the brain.
• Surgery to the brain was > 7 days prior to SRS and there remains at least one additional brain metastasis that can be targeted with SRS 7. Age ≥ 18 years. 8. ECOG Performance Score of 2 or better/Karnofsky Performance Status score of 50-60 or better. 9. All men, as well as women of child-bearing potential must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry and for the duration of study participation. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately. 10. A female of child-bearing potential is any woman (regardless of sexual orientation, having undergone a tubal ligation, or remaining celibate by choice) who meets the following criteria:
• Has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; or
• Has not been naturally postmenopausal for at least 12 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 12 consecutive months). 11. Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria 1. Patients had craniotomy and surgery to the brain within 7 days from the date of SRS. 2. Patients with leptomeningeal metastasis. NOTE: For the purposes of exclusion, LMD is a clinical diagnosis, defined as positive CSF cytology and/or equivocal radiologic or clinical evidence of leptomeningeal involvement. Patients with leptomeningeal symptoms in the setting of leptomeningeal enhancement by imaging (MRI) would be considered to have LMD even in the absence of positive CSF cytology, unless a parenchymal lesion can adequately explain the neurologic symptoms and/or signs. In contrast, an asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patient with mild or nonspecific leptomeningeal enhancement (MRI) would not be considered to have LMD. In that patient, CSF sampling is not required to formally exclude LMD, but can be performed at the investigator's discretion based on level of clinical suspicion. 3. Patients with a contraindication to both MRI (with or without contrast) and CT scan (with contrast) 4. Patients with life expectancy < 3 months. 5. Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that, in the opinion of the investigator, would limit compliance with study requirements. 6. Subjects must not be pregnant or nursing at the time of SRS treatment due to the potential for congenital abnormalities and the potential of this regimen to harm nursing infants.

Inclusion Criteria
• CKD Inclusion Criteria (present at least ≥ 3 months apart) 1. There will be two or more Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFRs) calculations less than 60ml/minute (corrected for BSA) or 2. Two or more positive tests for albuminuria and/or proteinuria Albuminuria/proteinuria can be defined by quantitative criteria with albumin/creatinine ratio greater than 30mg/g, urine protein creatinine ratio greater than 200mg/g or positive dipstick with protein detection (adjusted for urinary concentration/specific gravity).
• Diabetes Inclusion Criteria Only patients with type 2 diabetes will be enrolled in this study. 1. Random blood glucose greater than 200mg/dL 2. Hemoglobin A1C greater than 6.5% 3. Use of hypoglycemic agents or 4. Type 2 diabetes included in problem list
• Hypertension Inclusion Criteria 1. Systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg on two different occasions at least one week apart 2. Diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 on two occasions at least more than one week apart 3. Use of antihypertensive agents except thiazide diuretics or 4. Hypertension included in problem list
• Exclusion criteria will be minimal in this pragmatic trial. The collaborative model of care will not be implemented in patients younger than 18 years or older than 85 years of age or patients who have CKD stage 5/End Stage Renal Disease(ESRD.
• Primary care practitioners have the option of not implementing the intervention on any of their patients if they believe benefit to be minimal or risk too high due to patient comorbidities

• Age 13-17 receiving ongoing medical care in the Diabetes Clinic at Children's Medical Center Dallas.
• Patients must be fluent in English (the materials on the site have not been validated in any other language), be in at least the 8th grade, report/demonstrate comfort with use of a computer, and regular, convenient and discreet access to the internet.
• Patients must experience at least sub-threshold depression (CES-D score > 15).
• Patients must have had the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for at least 12 months.
• Patients who are medically unstable during their diabetes clinic visit will be excluded (i.e. diabetes ketoacidosis, symptomatic hypoglycemia).
• Patients who are too severely depressed for this form of intervention (i.e. meet criteria for MDD, endorse suicidal intent, PHQ-A score ≥ 20), those with a diagnosis or symptoms of severe mental illness (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), prior psychiatric hospitalization, prior self-harm attempt.
• Patients receiving ongoing counseling or therapy services within the last year, by a licensed professional (counselor, psychologist or psychiatrist).
• Patients who are currently taking or begin taking psychotropic medications during study participation will be excluded/withdrawn.

Inclusion: 1. Histologically confirmed relapsed or refractory solid tumor as follows:
• For dose escalation and dose determination parts: Histologically confirmed relapsed or refractory solid tumor (including CNS tumors but not lymphomas). Patients with Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma do not require histological only radiographic confirmed relapse to enroll.
• For dose expansion and tumor specific cohorts: Histologically confirmed relapsed or refractory solid tumor including but not limited to EWS, rhabdoid tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and medulloblastoma. Patients with Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma do not require histological only radiographic confirmed relapse to enroll. EWS is not eligible for TOPO and CTX tumor-specific cohorts. 2. Age ≥2 and <21 years at the time of study entry. 3. Lansky performance status ≥50% for patients ≤16 years of age, or Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0, 1 or 2 for patients >16 years of age. 4. Adequate bone marrow function.
• Absolute neutrophil count ≥1000/mm3;
• Platelet count ≥100,000/mm3 (transfusion independent);
• Hemoglobin ≥8.5 g/dL (transfusion allowed). 5. Adequate renal function: Serum creatinine level based on age/gender must within protocol specified limits. 6. Adequate liver function, including:
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤2.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN) or ≤5 × ULN for age, if attributable to disease involvement of the liver;
• Total bilirubin ≤1.5 × ULN for age. 7. Measurable disease as defined by RECIST version 1.1 or modified RANO criteria for CNS disease or INRC for neuroblastoma. 8. Recovered to CTCAE Grade ≤1, or to baseline, from any non-hematological acute toxicities of prior surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, differentiation therapy or biologic therapy, with the exception of alopecia. 9. Serum/urine pregnancy test (for all girls ≥8 years of age) negative at screening and at the baseline visit. 10. Evidence of a personally signed and dated informed consent document indicating that the patient or a legally acceptable representative/parent(s)/legal guardian of minors, has been informed of all pertinent aspects of the study. Minor study patients also must provide age appropriate assent according to the local guidelines, where applicable. 11. Willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plan, laboratory tests, and other procedures. Exclusion: 1. For palbociclib with IRN and TMZ combination, prior treatment with a CDK4/6 inhibitor or progression while on treatment with an IRN-containing regimen that includes TMZ. Patients who have received the combination of IRN and TMZ and did not progress while on these medications are eligible. For patients enrolling in the palbociclib with TOPO and CTX combination, prior treatment with a CDK4/6 inhibitor or progression while on treatment with a TOPO-containing regimen that includes CTX. Patients who have received the combination of TOPO and CTX and did not progress while on these medications are eligible. 2. Prior intolerability to IRN and/or TMZ, for palbociclib with IRN and TMZ combination and prior intolerability to TOPO and/or CTX for palbociclib with TOPO and CTX combination. 3. Use of strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A inhibitors or inducers. Patients who are receiving strong uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) inhibitors within 12 days of Cycle 1 Day 1 (C1D1) are not eligible for the palbociclib with IRN and TMZ combination. Patients who are receiving strong UGT1A1 inhibitors within 12 days of C1D1 are eligible for the palbociclib with TOPO and CTX combination (See Section 5.7.1 for list of products.) 4. Prior growth factors (including filgrastim) within 7 days before study entry or PEG-filgrastim within 14 days before study entry. 5. Radiation therapy within 14 days before study entry. 6. Systemic anti cancer therapy within 2 weeks prior to study entry and 6 weeks for nitrosoureas. 7. Previous high dose chemotherapy requiring stem cell rescue within 90 days or persistent AE >Grade 1. 8. Prior irradiation to >50% of the bone marrow (see Appendix 9). 9. Participation in other studies involving investigational drug(s) within 2 weeks or 5 half lives, whichever is longer, prior to study entry. 10. Major surgery within 4 weeks prior to study entry. Surgical biopsies or central line placement are not considered major surgeries. 11. Known or suspected hypersensitivity to palbociclib, IRN and/or TMZ. 12. Patients with known symptomatic brain tumors or brain metastases and require steroids, unless they have been on a stable or on a decreasing steroid dose for >14 days. 13. Patients with previously diagnosed brain metastases are eligible if they have completed their prior treatment and have recovered from the acute effects of radiation therapy or surgery prior to study entry for these metastases for at least 14 days post radiation and 4 weeks post-surgery and are neurologically stable. 14. Hereditary bone marrow failure disorder. 15. QTc >470 msec. 16. History of clinically significant or uncontrolled cardiac disease, including:
• History of or active congestive heart failure; if patient had congestive heart failure resolve and >1 year from resolution, patient will be considered eligible;
• Clinically significant ventricular arrhythmia (such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or Torsades de Pointes);
• Diagnosed or suspected congenital or acquired prolonged QT syndrome;
• Need for medications known to prolong the QT interval;
• Uncorrected hypomagnesemia or hypokalemia because of potential effects on the QT interval;
• Left ventricular ejection fraction <50% or shortening fraction <28%. 17. Recent or ongoing clinically significant gastrointestinal disorder that may interfere with absorption of orally administered drugs (eg, gastrectomy). 18. Evidence of serious active or uncontrolled bacterial, fungal or viral infection or known history of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, or human immunodeficiency virus infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related illness. 19. Other severe acute or chronic medical or laboratory test abnormality that may increase the risk associated with study participation or investigational product administration or may interfere with the interpretation of study results, and in the judgment of the Investigator, would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this study. 20. Investigator site staff members directly involved in the conduct of the study and their family members, site staff members otherwise supervised by the investigator, or patients who are Pfizer employees, including their family members, directly involved in the conduct of the study. 21. Fertile male patients and female patients of childbearing potential who are unwilling or unable to use a highly effective method of contraception as outlined in this protocol for the duration of the study and for at least 90 after the last dose of investigational product.

• Participant is currently diagnosed with and/or being treated for secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT).
• Participant must be diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD) for at least 30 days prior to initial Screening.
• For entry into the Washout Period (for vitamin D receptor activator [VDRA] non-naive participants), the participant must meet the appropriate laboratory criteria based upon the participant's age as described in the protocol.
• For entry into the Dosing Period (for VDRA-naive participants or VDRA non-naive participants who have completed the Washout Period), the participant must meet the appropriate laboratory criteria based upon the participant's age as described in the protocol.
• Participant is expected or scheduled to receive a kidney transplant within 6 months of Screening or is a kidney transplant recipient.
• Participant is expected to discontinue peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD) within 6 months of the initial Screening visit.
• Participant has had a parathyroidectomy within 12 weeks prior to Screening.
• Participant is taking maintenance calcitonin, bisphosphonates, glucocorticoids (in a dose equivalent to more than > 0.16 mg/kg/day or 5 mg prednisone/day, whichever is lower), 4 weeks prior to Dosing.
• Participant is receiving calcimimetics at the time of Screening or is expected to initiate calcimimetics at any time throughout the study.
• Participant is unable to take oral medications.

Inclusion Criteria
• ≥2 years and <18 years of age for enrolment in Phase 1 or ≥2 years and ≤21 years of age for enrolment in Phase 2.
• Recurrent or refractory solid tumors
• Phase 1: All solid tumors (measurable or evaluable disease), including primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors; exclusion of hepatoblastoma and lymphomas. Participants with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, optic pathway glioma, or pineal tumors with elevated tumor markers (alpha-fetoprotein [AFP] and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin [ß-hCG][or human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG])do not require histological or cytological confirmation of diagnosis
• Phase 2: Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET), Rhabdomyosarcoma, High Grade Glioma (HGG) (all must have measurable disease); exclusion of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma
• Histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis
• Measurable disease that meets the following criteria (Phase 2): 1. RECIST 1.1 (for all tumor types except HGG): At least 1 lesion of ≥1.0 cm in the longest diameter for a non lymph node or ≥1.5 cm in the short-axis diameter for a lymph node which is serially measurable according to RECIST 1.1 using computed tomography /magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) 2. Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) for high grade glioma (HGG): At least one lesion must be measurable as defined as a bi dimensionally contrast enhancing lesion with clearly defined margins by CT or MRI scan, with a minimal diameter of 1 cm, and visible on 2 axial slices which are preferably at most 5 mm apart with 0 mm skip Lesions that have had external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or locoregional therapies such as radiofrequency (RF) ablation must show evidence of progressive disease based on RECIST 1.1 to be deemed a target lesion
• Karnofsky performance score ≥50 for participants>16 year of age and Lansky play score ≥50 for participants ≤16 years of age. Neurologic deficits in participants with CNS tumors must have been relatively stable for at least 7 days prior to study enrollment. Participants who are unable to walk because of paralysis, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score
• Prior Therapy
• Participants must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior anti-cancer therapy
• Cytotoxic chemotherapy or other chemotherapy known to be myelosuppressive: ≥21 days after the last dose of cytotoxic or myelosuppressive chemotherapy (42 days if prior nitrosourea)
• Anti-cancer agents not known to be myelosuppressive (eg, not associated with reduced platelet or absolute neutrophil counts): ≥7 days after the last dose of agent
• Monoclonal antibodies: ≥21 days or 3 half-lives (whichever is shorter) of the antibody must have elapsed after the last dose of a monoclonal antibody (including checkpoint inhibitors). Toxicity related to prior antibody therapy must be recovered to Grade ≤1
• Corticosteroids: If used to modify immune adverse events related to prior therapy, ≥14 days must have elapsed since last dose of corticosteroid. Participants receiving corticosteroids, who have not been on a stable or decreasing dose of corticosteroid for at least 7 days prior to enrollment, are not eligible
• Hematopoietic growth factors: ≥14 days after the last dose of a long-acting growth factor or 7 days for short-acting growth factor. For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur
• Interleukins, interferons, and cytokines (other than hematopoietic growth factors): ≥21 days after the completion of interleukins, interferons or cytokines (other than hematopoietic growth factors)
• Stem cell infusions (with or without total body irradiation): Allogeneic (non-autologous) bone marrow or stem cell transplant, or any stem cell infusion including donor leukocytes infusion or boost infusion: ≥84 days after infusion and no evidence of graft versus host disease; Autologous stem cell infusion including boost infusion: ≥42 days
• Cellular Therapy: ≥42 days after the completion of any type of cellular therapy (eg, modified T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, etc)
• Radiotherapy (XRT)/External Beam Irradiation including Protons: ≥14 days after local XRT; ≥150 days after total body irradiation, craniospinal XRT or if radiation to ≥50% of the pelvis; ≥42 days if other substantial bone marrow radiation.
• Radiopharmaceutical therapy: ≥42 days after systemically administered therapy.
• Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-targeted or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-targeted therapies: Must not have received prior exposure to lenvatinib; May have previously progressed on an mTOR inhibitor; No more than 2 prior VEGF/VEGFR-targeted therapies (For Phase 2 only); Must not have received prior VEGF/VEGFR-targeted therapy in combination with an mTOR inhibitor (For Phase 2 only)
• Adequate bone marrow function for participants with solid tumors without known bone marrow involvement
• Adequate bone marrow function for participants with known bone marrow metastatic disease
• Adequate renal function
• Adequate liver function
• Adequate cardiac function
• Adequate neurologic function
• Adequate blood pressure (BP) control with or without antihypertensive medications
• Adequate coagulation
• Adequate pancreatic function
• Adequate metabolic function
• Adequate glycemic control
• Participants must have a minimum body surface area (BSA) of 0.6 m^2 at study entry. Exclusion Criteria
• Participants who have had or are planning to have the following invasive procedures
• Major surgical procedure, laparoscopic procedure, open biopsy or significant traumatic injury within 28 days prior to enrolment
• Central line placement or subcutaneous port placement is not considered major surgery. External central lines must be placed at least 3 days prior to enrollment and subcutaneous ports must be placed at least 7 days prior to enrollment
• Fine needle aspirate within 7 days prior to enrolment
• Surgical or other wounds must be adequately healed prior to enrolment
• For purposes of this study, bone marrow aspirate and biopsy are not considered surgical procedures and therefore are permitted within 14 days prior to start of protocol therapy
• Participants who have non-healing wound, unhealed or incompletely healed fracture, or a compound (open) bone fracture at the time of enrolment
• Participants having an active infection requiring systemic therapy.
• Participants with a known history of active hepatitis B (defined as hepatitis B surface antigen reactive or hepatitis B virus- deoxyribonucleic [DNA] detected) or known active hepatitis C virus (HCV, defined as HCV- Ribonucleic acid [RNA] detected). Note: No testing for hepatitis B and hepatitis C is required unless mandated by the local health authority.
• Known to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. Note: HIV testing is required at screening only when mandated by the local health authority
• Clinical evidence of nephrotic syndrome prior to enrolment
• Gastrointestinal bleeding or active hemoptysis (bright red blood of at least half teaspoon) within 21 days prior to enrolment
• Thrombotic/ thromboembolic event requiring systemic anticoagulation within 90 days prior to enrollment
• Evidence of new intracranial hemorrhage of more than punctate size on MRI assessment obtained within 28 days prior to study enrollment for Participants with HGG
• Diagnosis of lymphoma
• Radiographic evidence of major blood vessel invasion/infiltration.
• Evidence of untreated CNS metastases (exception: participants with primary CNS tumors and leptomeningeal disease)
• Participants who are currently receiving enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants
• Participants chronically receiving strong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)/P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors or inducers within 7 days prior to study enrollment
• Females who are breastfeeding or pregnant. For females of childbearing potential, a negative screening pregnancy test must be obtained within 72 hours before the first dose of study drug

The participants must meet the following criteria:
• Women aged 40-62 years who are perimenopausal or early postmenopausal (within 5 years of the last menstrual period if not surgically postmenopausal), including:
• Women who have experienced changes in menstrual cycle frequency or duration, and/or physical symptoms indicative of menopausal transition, as determined by clinician
• Women who are using hormonal IUDs (i.e. brands Mirena and Skyla), with FSH level > 20 mIU/m (as menstrual periods are irregular with IUDs that utilize hormones, making irregular/absent periods difficult to assess as related to the menopausal transition).
• Women with significant menopause-related physical symptoms, indicated by any of the following criteria:
• Greene Climacteric Scale total scores > 20
• Greene Climacteric Scale sub-score for vasomotor symptoms >3
• 5 or more bothersome hot flashes per week (self-reported)
• Women meeting DSM-5 criteria for current major depressive disorder (assessed by the SCID)
• Baseline HRSD score of ≥ 18
• Subject agrees to abstain from disallowed medications for the duration of the trial The participants must not meet any of the following criteria:
• Vulnerable populations (e.g. pregnant/nursing, severe cognitive or intellectual impairment, incarcerated)
• Pregnancy (determined by urine pregnancy test), intending pregnancy or breast feeding
• Psychiatric disorder other than MDD that is acute and the primary focus of symptom burden or treatment.
• History of bipolar disorder or psychotic disorder
• Current substance use disorder
• Positive baseline urine drug screen of an illicit substance (in this study: opioids and cocaine,) with the exception of a medication used with a prescription (use of a detected substance that is used with a prescription, such as an opioid pain medication, is not necessarily exclusionary and will be based upon judgment of the PI, particularly in the cases of chronic opioid use). Participants who screen positive for marijuana will be offered a rescreen for eligibility at a later date.
• Current eating disorder
• Treatment resistant depression (failure of 2 adequate antidepressant trials or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) during current episode; adequate antidepressant trials are defined as within the US FDA approved dosage for the medication and used for at least 6 weeks, with failure described by the patient as <50% improvement based on her subjective experience).
• High risk for suicidal acts including active suicidal ideation with plan and intent or > 2 suicide attempts in lifetime or any attempt in the past 6 months
• Use of selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs), hormone replacement therapy, hormonal contraceptives (hormonal IUDs allowed), episodic sleep medications (chronic, regular, stable-dose benzodiazepines and hypnotics such as zolpidem, Sonata (Zaleplon), and Lunesta (Eszopiclone) OR sleep-seating antihistamines such as Unisom (Doxylamine succinate) or diphenhydramine allowed) within 2 weeks of the baseline visit and randomization. Antidepressants will be allowed for those participants who have been taking the antidepressant for 6 weeks with a stable dose for at least 4 weeks.
• Use of natural menopause and depression supplements, phytoestrogens, soy-based medications, steroids within 2 weeks of baseline visit and randomization.
• Use of any disallowed medications (specified in the Excluded Concomitant Medication section below).
• Women who have received a gonadal hormonal intervention within 1 month prior to study entry (stable thyroid medications are allowed).
• Not using a medically approved method of birth control, if sexually active and not 12 or more months since last menstrual period IUDs, condoms, abstinence are acceptable forms of contraception in this study; due to the possible interactions with the study medication, oral contraceptive pills will be prohibited.
• Uncontrolled hypertension (>160/95mmHg)
• Active coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or blood clotting disorder
• Any severe, life threatening or unstable medical condition that, based on clinician-judgment, would make participation in the study unsafe or inappropriate
• Personal or first degree family history of known hormone sensitive tumors
• History of allergic reaction or side effects with prior pregnenolone use
• Clinically significant laboratory or physical examination findings
• Concurrent enrollment in another clinical trial Exclusion of Concomitant Medications:
• Selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs)
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Hormonal contraceptives, excluding Mirena IUD or other IUD with localized progesterone
• Natural menopause or antidepressant supplements
• Episodic sleep medications (chronic, regular, stable-dose benzodiazepines and hypnotics such as zolpidem, Sonata (Zaleplon), and Lunesta (Eszopiclone) OR sleep-sedating antihistamines such as Unisom (Doxylamine succinate) or diphenhydramine allowed)
• Sub-therapeutic dosages of antidepressants used for other indications will be permissible with the exclusion of SSRIs, SNRIs, and Wellbutrin.
• Phytoestrogens
• Soy-based medications or supplements

• Individuals 1 to 45 years old who have an immediate family member with type 1 diabetes (such as a child, parent, or sibling)
• Individuals 1-20 years old who have an extended family member with type 1 diabetes (such as a cousin, niece, nephew, aunt, uncle, grandparent, or half-sibling) To be eligible a person must not:
• Have diabetes already
• Have a previous history of being treated with insulin or oral diabetes medications.
• Currently be using systemic immunosuppressive agents (topical and inhaled agents are acceptable)
• Have any known serious diseases

• Type I hyperlipoproteinemia.
• Fasting serum triglyceride levels of greater than 1000 mg/dL.
• Age > 12 years
• Secondary hypertriglyceridemias due to diabetes, renal disease, hypothyroidism, alcoholism and drug therapy such as estrogens and estrogen analogues, steroids, HIV-protease inhibitors, retinoic acid derivatives and interferons.
• Pregnant or lactating women
• Significant liver disease (elevated transaminases > 2 times upper limit of normal)
• Alcohol abuse (> 7 drinks or 84 g per week for women and > 14 drinks for men or 168 g per week for men)
• Drug use (cocaine, marijuana, LSD, etc.)
• Major surgery in the past three months
• Congestive heart failure
• Serum creatinine greater than 2.5 mg/dL
• Cancer within the past five years
• Gastrointestinal surgery in the past
• Current therapy with anti-coagulants, digoxin and anti-arrhythmics
• Chronic malabsorption syndromes
• Cholestasis
• Acute illnesses such as acute pancreatitis in the last 8 weeks

Inclusion criteria of Cohort 1- Newborn:
• Subjects aged 1-2 days
• Subjects with gestational age 37-42 weeks
• Subjects with stable clinical status (admitted to normal newborn nursery) Inclusion criteria of Cohort 2
•Older children: • Subjects aged 0-18 years Inclusion criteria of Cohort 3
•Diseased children: Subjects (no age limit) with ANY phenotype as below:
• Confirmed metabolic or genetic diseases
• Suspected metabolic or genetic diseases
• Episodic metabolic decompensation (e.g. hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, metabolic acidosis)
• Developmental regression
• Major congenital malformation
• Other unexplained symptoms of potential genetic origin Exclusion criteria of Cohort 1
•Newborn:
• Subjects with gestational age <37 weeks or >42 weeks
• Subjects with overt signs of metabolic dysfunction, distress or genetic diseases including hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, sepsis/shock, hypoxemia, or major congenital malformation
• Subjects with mothers whose pregnancies were complicated by gestational diabetes, gestational hyperglycemia, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or any other major disorders. Exclusion criteria of Cohort 2
•Older children:
• Subjects with confirmed metabolic or genetic diseases
• Subjects with suspected metabolic or genetic diseases
• Subjects with episodic metabolic decompensation (e.g. hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, metabolic acidosis)
• Subjects with developmental regression
• Subjects with major congenital malformation Exclusion criteria of Cohort 3
•Diseased children No.

• Pediatric female patients who were on study treatment in study [CRAD001M2301] within the past 63 months and have not reached Tanner Stage V or age 16 at the time of completion of [CRAD001M2301] or
• Pediatric male patients who were on study treatment in study [CRAD001M2301] within the past 6 months and have not reached Tanner Stage V or age 17 at the time of completion of [CRAD001M2301]
• Written informed consent according to local guidelines
• Pediatric female patients who were on study treatment in CRAD001M2301 and have not reached Tanner Stage V but are within 3 month of turning age 16 or
• Pediatric male patients who were on study treatment in CRAD001M2301 and have not reached Tanner Stage V but are within 3 months of turning age 17
• Any patient who was pregnant prior to start of CRAD001M2305 Other protocol-defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria

• Type 1 Diabetes

• Participants in TrialNet Natural History/Pathway to Prevention Study (TN01); is relative of proband with type 1 diabetes
• Between ages 3-45 with normal Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) or between ages 3-7 with an abnormal OGTT
• Confirmed positive for insulin autoantibodies within previous six months
• Confirmed positive for one or more other autoantibodies on two separate occasions within the past six months
• Diagnosed with type 1 diabetes
• History of treatment with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agent
• History of therapy with immunosuppressive drugs or non-physiologic glucocorticoids within the past two years for a period of more than three months
• Ongoing use of medications known to influence glucose tolerance
• Pregnant or intending to become pregnant while on study or lactating

1. Has a confirmed diagnosis of T2DM using American Diabetes Association (ADA) and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (laboratory determinations of fasting plasma glucose [FPG] greater than or equal to [>=] 126 mg/dL, random glucose >=200 mg/dL [>=11.10 mmol/L], HbA1c >=6.5 percent (%), or 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] glucose >=200 mg/dL), documented in the participants' medical record. 2. The participant and/or his/her legal representative (that is, parents or legal guardians) are able and willing to monitor their own blood glucose concentrations with a home glucose monitor and complete participant diaries. 1. Has a history of hypersensitivity or allergy to alogliptin, other dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, metformin, insulin or related compounds. 2. Has a confirmed diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus or maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). 3. Has a hemoglobin level <11.0 gram per deciliter (g/dL) (<110 gram per liter [g/L]) for males and <10.0 g/dL (<100 g/L) for females. 4. Has a history of any hemoglobinopathy that may affect determination of HbA1c levels. 5. Has a history of bariatric surgery. 6. Has a history of proliferative diabetic retinopathy within the 6 months prior to Screening. 7. Has had more than 1 episode of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at any time after diagnosis of T2DM. 8. Has a history of more than 1 episode of pancreatitis. 9. Has serum creatinine >=1.5 mg/dL for male participants or >=1.4 mg/dL for female participants, or creatinine clearance <60 milliliter per minute (mL/min) based on calculation by central lab using the Schwartz formula for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at screening Visit. 10. Has a documented history of infection with human immunodeficiency virus or chronic active viral hepatitis. 11. The participant and/or his/her legal representative (that is, parents or legal guardians) is unable to understand verbal or written English, or any other language for which a certified translation of the approved informed consent/assent is available. Additional Criteria That Must be Met Prior to Randomization: For participants who have had the diagnosis of T2DM for less than 1 year and/or who are taking insulin at Screening, additional criteria will need to be met prior to randomization: 1. Must have an HbA1c level of >=6.5% to <11.0% if the participant is treatment naïve or on metformin alone or >=7.0% to <11.0% if the participant is on insulin alone or in combination with metformin. 2. The participant must not have received any investigational compound within 30 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer, prior to randomization. 3. Must not have received an antidiabetic agent other than metformin or insulin within the 12 weeks prior to randomization. 4. Must not have received oral or parenteral steroids for more than 3 weeks (cumulatively) within the 6 months prior to randomization or have received a course of oral or parenteral steroids within the 2 months prior to randomization. 5. Has a systolic blood pressure <160 millimeter of mercury (mmHg) and a diastolic pressure <100 mm Hg. (Antihypertensive medications will be allowed during the study). 6. Has an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level <3*upper limit of normal (ULN) or an ALT level <5 *ULN with a confirmed diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).7. Does not plan to leave the geographic area within 1 calendar year following randomization. For participants who have had the diagnosis of T2DM for less than 1 year and/or who are taking insulin prior to randomization, the following criteria must also be met: 8. Must have a fasting C-peptide concentration>=0.6 nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (>=0.20 nanomole per liter [nmol/L]) (drawn at least 1 week after treatment for ketosis or acidosis, if applicable). 9. No presence of autoantibodies as documented by glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD] 65 and islet antigen [IA]-2 antibodies below the upper limit of the normal reference ranges at randomization. 10. Have a body mass index (BMI) greater than (>) 85th percentile, documented at randomization.

• Type 2 Diabetes